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The goal of the National Center for Ontological Research is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense.
The goal of the [https://ubwp.buffalo.edu/ncor/ National Center for Ontological Research] is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense.


==Events==
== Events ==


[[Industry Ontology Foundry: ASME Workshop 2017]],
See '''[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Newsevents here]'''


For '''past events''' see [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Past_Events here]


'''[http://ontologforum.org/index.php/SummerInstitute2017 IAOA Summer Institute on Upper Ontologies]''', Toronto, August 8-11, 2017
For Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT) see [https://urbandatacentre.ca/boat]
:The International Association of Ontology and its Applications (IAOA) is announcing the 2017 Summer Institute on Upper Ontologies   
:Participants from all sectors of applied ontology are invited to interact from August 8 to 11, in Toronto, Canada. As always, the Summer Institute will challenge the state of the art through lively discussions and hands-on problem solving rather than lengthy presentations. 


'''[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Microbiology_for_the_CTSA:_Ontological_Approaches CTS Ontology Workshop 2017,  Microbiology for the CTSA: Ontological Approaches]''', Ann Arbor, October 25-26, 2017
==News==


==Past Events==
[https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2024/02/department-of-defense-ontology.html DOD, Intelligence Community adopt resource developed by UB ontologists], Bert Gambini, UBNow, February 29, 2024.


'''[[MatOnto Ontology Meetings]]''', University at Buffalo, April 3-5, 2017
[https://bnnbreaking.com/world/us/us-defense-and-intelligence-to-adopt-bfo-and-cco-standards-for-enhanced-data-management U.S. Defense and Intelligence to Adopt BFO and CCO Standards for Enhanced Data Management],Shivani Chauhan, 28 Feb 2024.


'''Buffalo Ontology Group Meeting'''  
[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/KI-und-Philosophie Article on BFO in the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'', September 28, 2022, p. N3]. Translation of opening paragraph:


Date: March 13, 4:00pm
:Industry standards are not usually associated with philosophy or the humanities. That is why the new ISO/IEC 21838 standard conceals a minor scientific-historical sensation. Because for the first time, a philosophical theory has now been declared an industry standard, namely: the "Basic Formal Ontology", BFO for short. When you try to pronounce this acronym, it sounds a lot like "Buffalo," and that's no coincidence. Because Barry Smith, the main brain behind this norm, is the Julian Park Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buffalo in northern New York State, not far from Niagara Falls ...


Venue: Jeanette Martin Room, 5th Floor of Capen Hall, University at Buffalo (North Campus)
:For full text see [https://buffalo.box.com/v/KI-und-Philosophie here].


Dial-in details are provided below
[https://blog.apaonline.org/2022/09/15/careers-in-ontology-an-interview-with-professor-barry-smith/ Interview with Barry Smith on '''Careers in Ontology'''], September 15, 2022


''Schedule''
[[Interviews and podcasts on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World'']]


4:00pm Brief survey​s​ of current ontology projects​ at UB​​:
[https://www.routledge.com/9781032309934 New book on limits of AI published], August 12, 2022.


:1) [http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g306/c404/p6403 Chris Stoeckert]: Implementation of a referent tracking system with UPenn TURBO [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2017/TURBO.pptx Slides]
[https://www.dpaonthenet.net/article/192369/Machines-ruling-the-world--Impossible--say-researchers.aspx Machines ruling the world? Impossible, say researchers]


:2) Jonathan Blaisure: Improving Secondary Use of Electronic healthcare record data [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2017/blaisure.pptx Slides]
[https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R35NHUZZQN8226?ref=pf_vv_at_pdctrvw_srp This will totally blow your mind]


:3) CHAMP: Coordinated Holistic Alignment of Manufacturing Processes
[https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2022/04/0290.html UB professor’s ontology work recognized in an international standard], April 29, 2022.


:4) MatOnto: The Materials Ontology
[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/oagi-and-iof-agree-to-produce-industrial-ontologies-301231565.html Press release on launch of Industrial Ontologies Foundry], February 19, 2021.


:5) IOF: Industry Ontology Foundry
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0giPMMoKR9s Video recording of talk by Barry Smith on "Defining Intelligence"], February 17, 2021


:6) Mark Jensen: Ontology for the ​​Research Domain Criteria ​framework of the National Institute of Mental Health [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2017/Jensen.pptx Slides]
[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/oagi-and-iof-agree-to-produce-industrial-ontologies-301231565.html Press-release launching the new Industrial Ontologies Foundry], February 19, 2021


:7) Controlled Natural Language (CNL) interfaces to OWL and ontology editors
[https://ncor-brasil.org/about/ NCOR-Brasil] established, December 1, 2020


​4:45pm  [http://stl.mie.utoronto.ca/gruninger.html Michael Grüninger](University of Toronto): The Quest for Semantic Integration in the Context of Manufacturing​ [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2017/gruninger.pdf Slides]
[http://medicine.buffalo.edu/news_and_events/news/2020/07/smith-ontology-covid-11561.html Using Ontology as Powerful Weapon in COVID-19 Fight], July 14, 2020


6:00pm Close
[http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2020/06/016.html Leveraging a powerful weapon in the fight against COVID-19 — ontology], June 10, 2020


----
[http://www.buffalo.edu/ubnow/campus.host.html/content/shared/university/news/ub-reporter-articles/stories/2018/04/smith-capabilities-workshop.detail.html UB workshop to address human and machine capabilities], April 20, 2018


'''Past'''
[https://www.buffalo.edu/ctsi/ctsi-news.host.html/content/shared/www/ctsi/articles/academic_articles/working-group-seeks-to-extend-the-depth-and-functionality-of-bio.detail.html Working group seeks to extend the depth and functionality of biomedical ontologies], October 14, 2017


'''[[Top_Level_Ontology_10-21-2016 | Ontology Group Meeting]], October 21, 2016'''
[http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/philosophy/news/latestnews/2016-win-ontology.html Barry Smith wins 2016 IAOA Ontology Competition], August 18, 2016


'''[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Clinical_Terminology_Shock_and_Awe CTS Ontology Workshop 2016], Clinical Terminology Shock and Awe, Buffalo, NY, September 7-8, 2016
[https://medicine.buffalo.edu/news_and_events/news.host.html/content/shared/smbs/news/2016/01/jensen-doctoral-un-5573.detail.html Doctoral Candidate Invited to Work on United Nations Project], January 4, 2016


'''Ontology Group Meeting, Monday, April 25, 2016'''
[http://xbrl.squarespace.com/journal/2013/2/23/advantages-of-financial-report-ontology-in-accounting-resear.html Advantages of the Financial Report Ontology in Accounting Research], February 23, 2013


Venue: Jeannette Martin Room, 567 Capen Hall​, Buffalo
[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/IMMPORT/UB-Press-Release-2013.pdf UB Ontologists Win Bioinformatics Integration Award to Support National Institutes of Health]


*José M. Parente de Oliveira​​ (ITA Brazil): "​​[[A Visual Formalism for BFO-Based Ontologies]]" [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2016/Parente.pdf Slides]
[[Announcing Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Affinity Group]]


*Hedi Karray (ENIT, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbes Tarbes], France): "[[Applications of Ontologies in Astrophysics and Manufacturing Domains]]" [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2016/Karray.pdf Slides]
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120820161058.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+(ScienceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News) Information Overload in the Era of Big Data]


*Mark Jensen (United Nations Environment Programme): "[http://www.dataversity.net/ontology-has-big-part-to-play-in-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-project The UNEP Sustainable Development Goals Interface Ontology (SDGIO)]" [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/2016/Jensen.pdf Slides]
[http://www.kurzweilai.net/botanists-building-ontologies-to-cope-with-information-overload Botanists building ontologies to cope with information overload]


Organized jointly with the UB Center for Multisource Information Fusion
[[UB Applied Informatics Portal]] unveiled.


----
==[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Education Education]==


June 10, 2016
==Online Courses==
:2pm Discussion on establishing an Industry Ontology Foundry, with talks by Barry Smith and Hedi Karay
:3pm Presentation by Boran Brodaric on '''Water Feature Ontology and Timeless Wholes'''


May 19-20, 2016
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Education Barry Smith]
'''[http://ncgia.buffalo.edu/OntologyConference/ Ontological Approaches to Sensor Data Analysis]''', Amherst, NY


March 21, 2016, 141 Park Hall, Buffalo
[http://www.referent-tracking.com/RTU/ceusters_vita.html#teaching Werner Ceusters]
:Fabian Neuhaus talk on '''DOL: The Distributed Ontology Language'''


February 17-19, 2016 Gainesville, FL
==Defining 'Ontology'==
:[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Workshop_on_BFO_and_the_Ontology_of_Social_Entities_2016 Workshop on BFO and the Ontology of Social Entities]'''


Feb 2 and all Tuesdays until April 19 1-3:50pm, 141 Park Hall, Buffalo
An ontology is a representation of some part of reality, (e.g. medicine, social reality, physics, etc.).  Smith states that: “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality…Ontology seeks to provide a definitive and exhaustive classification of entities in all spheres of being.”  To be an accurate representation of reality an ontology includes the types of entities and events in a given domain (along with their definitions) arranged in a hierarchical structure, along with relations (such as part-of, depends-on, caused-by, etc. where necessary).  Ontologies enable the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain by providing a common controlled vocabulary for doctrine writers, IT Developers, and war-fighters alike, thereby allowing these disparate communities to communicate with each other. An ontology should be a shared resource between communities, and its continued collaborative development should support the integration of information and facilitate knowledge discovery. These two goals are realized by ensuring wide dissemination of the ontology, so that it will be used by many stakeholders, and its terms will be correspondingly familiar and readily used for search.
:A series of seminars on various ontology-related topics, listed [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Analytic_Metaphysics here].  


Feb. 1, 2016,  567 Capen Hall, Buffalo
== Basic Formal Ontology 2.0 ==
'''Meeting on various ontology topics''', including:
:Non-Coding RNA Ontology (Alan Ruttenberg)
:Ontology for Manufacturing (Francesco Furini)
:*We propose an ontology focused on the representation of composite materials in general and what are called 'Functionally Graded Materials' (FGM) in particular. The scope of the ontology is to provide information about the components of such materials, the manufacturing processes involved in creating such materials, and different sorts of applications in dentistry and other fields. The ontology is developed using Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and parts of of Ontology for Biomedical Investigation (OBI).
:Plant Life Cycle Ontology (Barry Smith)


[[Meeting on Current UB Ontology Projects]], IHI, 3pm, December 14, 2015
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Basic_Formal_Ontology_2.0 Basic Formal Ontology 2.0]


[[Information Meeting on Joint Doctrine Ontology]], Herndon, VA 20171, September 16-17, 2015
== Basic Formal Ontology 2020 ==


[[The Role of Ontology in Big Cancer Data]], National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, May 12-13, 2015
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO_2020 BFO 2020]


[[CTS Ontology Workshop 2015]], Ontology in Practice.
==Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT)==
The Fourth Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Workshop.
Charleston, SC, September 23-25, 2015


[[Symposium on Military Codes of Ethics]], Buffalo, NY 14260, November 2, 2015
*[https://urbandatacentre.ca/boat BoaT Home Page]


See also [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Past_Events here] and [http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/Dissemination_Wiki here]
*[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_Day_(with_visitors_from_Toronto),_October_24,_2022 Inaugural meeting, October 24, 2022]


==Studying Ontology in Buffalo==
*[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/List_of_Toronto_ontology_contributions_(as_of_November_1,_2022 University of Toronto ontologies]


[http://www.philosophy.buffalo.edu/graduate/areas_of_study/phd/ Areas of Study]
*[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Basic_Formal_Ontology_Summit_Meeting BFO Summit Meeting, May 23-25, 2023] Includes UB-Toronto-DHS session on government ontologies]


[http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2011_02_11/caredit.a1100012 Careers in ontology]
==Why Machines Will Never Rule the World==


==News==
'''Interviews and Podcasts'''
 
[http://xbrl.squarespace.com/journal/2013/2/23/advantages-of-financial-report-ontology-in-accounting-resear.html Advantages of the Financial Report Ontology in Accounting Research]
 
[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/IMMPORT/UB-Press-Release-2013.pdf UB Ontologists Win Bioinformatics Integration Award to Support National Institutes of Health]
 
[[Announcing Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Affinity Group]]


[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120820161058.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+(ScienceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News) Information Overload in the Era of Big Data]
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4HJi7dQzvg '''Systems Conversation'''] (with Dr Oliver Gao, Director, Systems Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, September 2, 2022)


[http://www.kurzweilai.net/botanists-building-ontologies-to-cope-with-information-overload Botanists building ontologies to cope with information overload]
:[https://blog.apaonline.org/2022/09/23/why-machines-will-never-rule-the-world-artificial-intelligence-without-fear/ '''Blog of the American Philosophical Association: Interview with Charlie Taben'''], September 23, 2022


[[UB Applied Informatics Portal]] unveiled.
:[https://wirkman.com/2022/09/27/ai-is-here/ '''AI is here, but will it rule us?'''] Wirkman Comments podcast with David Ramsey Steele (September 27, 2022). See also [https://soundcloud.com/locofoco-net/machines-will-never-rule-us here].


==Courses==
:[https://www.nas.org/blogs/media/video-will-machines-rule-the-world? '''NAS Podcast''' with Scott Turner]: [https://youtu.be/3QtrVQ6hmdo Will Machines Rule the World?], 4 October, 2022


[[Problems in Ontology]], Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, NY, Mondays from 4-6pm, August 29 - December 5, 2012
:[https://youtu.be/eOJ9KA57i1c '''Lecture to Philosophy and AI Research Group'''], University of Zurich, 14 October, 2022


[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontological_Engineering_2013 Ontological Engineering], Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, Fall 2013
'''Press Items and Notices'''


[[Ontological Engineering 2014 | Ontological Engineering]], Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Department of Philosophy University at Buffalo, NY, Mondays from 4-7pm, August 25 - December 1, 2014
:[https://www.futurity.org/artificial-intelligence-ai-2789642-2/ '''AI is cool, but will never reach human capability'''], Bert Gambini, August 25, 2022


[[Analytic Metaphysics | Analytical Metaphysics]], Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, NY, Tuesdays 1-3:50pm, Spring Semester, 2016
:[https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/why-ai-will-never-rule-the-world/ Why AI will never rule the world] '''Interview by Luke Dormehl on Digital Trends''', September 25, 2022 [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Digital-trends-revised (Recording)]


[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Biomedical_Ontology_2016 Biomedical Ontology] Departments of Philosophy and Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, Fall Semester 2016
:[https://calendar.buffalo.edu/event/iad-distinguished-speaker-series--why-machines-will-never-rule-the-world/ UB Lecture], September 20, 2022
 
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Applied_Ontology Applied Ontology 2017], Spring Semester Online Course, Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo
 
[[Advanced Biomedical Ontology]] 2017, Fall Semester, Departments of Philosophy and Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo
 
==Tutorials==
 
[[How to Develop and Use OBO Foundry Ontologies]], Tutorial and Workshop at ICBO, Graz, Austria, July 21, 2012
 
[[Basic Formal Ontology 2.0: Tutorial at ICBO/FOIS]], Graz, Austria, July 25, 2012
 
[[Introduction to Protégé]], Tutorial, Buffalo, NY, August 11-12, 2012
 
[[Basic Formal Ontology 2.0]], Tutorial, Buffalo, NY, August 18-19, 2012
 
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/STIDS_2013 Tutorial: Information Ontologies for the Intelligence Community, [http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu STIDS Conference], November 11, 2013
 
Tutorial: [[Ontology of Military Planning and Operations Assessment]], [http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu STIDS Conference], November 18, 2014
 
Tutorial: [[Basic Formal Ontology 2015]], International Conference on Biomedical Ontology, Lisbon, 2015
 
==Defining Ontology==
 
An ontology is a representation of some part of reality, (e.g. medicine, social reality, physics, etc.).  Smith states that: “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality…Ontology seeks to provide a definitive and exhaustive classification of entities in all spheres of being.”1  To be an accurate representation of reality an ontology includes the types of entities and events in a given domain (along with their definitions) arranged in a hierarchical structure, along with relations (such as part-of, depends-on, caused-by, etc. where necessary).  Ontologies enable the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain by providing a common controlled vocabulary for doctrine writers, IT Developers, and war-fighters alike, thereby allowing these disparate communities to communicate with each other.  An ontology should be a shared resource between communities, and its continued collaborative development should support the integration of information and facilitate knowledge discovery.2  These two goals are realized by ensuring wide dissemination of the ontology, so that it will be used by many stakeholders, and its terms will be correspondingly familiar and readily used for search.


==The Philosophome==
==The Philosophome==


[http://philosophome.org Philosophome Website]
[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/philosophome/index_files/philosophome.html Philosophome Website]


[[Philosophome | Philosophome Wiki]]
[[Philosophome | Philosophome Wiki]]
Line 199: Line 155:


Barry Smith, [http://www.slideshare.net/BarrySmith3/2012-fima-talk Reference Data Integration: A Strategy for the Future], Financial Reference Data Management Conference (FIMA), New York, March 2012
Barry Smith, [http://www.slideshare.net/BarrySmith3/2012-fima-talk Reference Data Integration: A Strategy for the Future], Financial Reference Data Management Conference (FIMA), New York, March 2012
''The Wernicke Ontology Principle''
Wernicke is an ontology-dependent AI system used to automate recurring business processes. Wernicke is based on formal logic developed by Jobst Landgrebe and co-workers at Cognotekt. Its ontologies do not have an Aristotelian taxonomic structure, but are fully axiomatised and logically describe the syntactic structure of recurring language patterns in the Prolog-subset of first order logic. The use of terms in two or more axiomatic definitions of ontological entities creates an implicit network structure within the ontology.
Examples (in German)
1. Implication relations for verbs and verb phrases. (There are hundreds of examples of such formulae in each Wernicke ontology.)
  ((zahlung(Y) AND nachkommen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
  ((geld(Y) AND schicken(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y1))) IMPL zahlen(Z))
  ((kosten(Y) AND tragen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
  ((überweisungsträger(Y) AND einwerfen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
  ((bringen(Z) AND ausgleich(A) AND zum(B) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
  ((möglich(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND sein(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y))) IMPL möglichsein(Z)) 
  ((bitten(Z) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND möglichkeit(A) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL möglichsein(Z))
2. Temporal structures
  ((übermorgen(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
  ((morgen(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
  ((heute(W) AND (Y=0)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
  ((gestern(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen))
  ((vorgestern(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen))
3. Domain pattern formulae (ontologic entities)
  past payment a: ((zahlung(X) OR geld(X)) AND rausgehen(Z) AND (I=vergangen) AND verb(Z,X) AND vergangentemp(Z))
  past payment b: ((zahlung(Y) AND tätigen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y) AND (I=vergangen) AND vergangentemp(Z))
  past payment c: ((sein(Z) AND (betrag(X) OR forderung(X)) AND zahlen(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND (I=vergangen)
  AND verb(Z,X) AND NOT temp_mod(Z, praet, konj2)
== Information Ontology==
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO-Based_Data_and_Information_Ontologies BFO-based data and information ontologies]


==Military and Intelligence Ontology==
==Military and Intelligence Ontology==
[[Common Core Ontologies]]


JFCOM: [[Semantic Web and Joint Training]] (2010)
JFCOM: [[Semantic Web and Joint Training]] (2010)
Line 211: Line 205:


[[Joint Doctrine Ontology]]
[[Joint Doctrine Ontology]]
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_the_Navy_SYSCOMs_Systems_Engineering_Transformation_Process Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering]


== Ontology of Planning ==
== Ontology of Planning ==
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== Ontology of Engineering ==
== Ontology of Engineering ==


'''[https://s3.amazonaws.com/ontologforum/OntologySummit2016/2016-03-17_Engineering/Reference-Ontology-for-Manufacturing--BobYoung_20160317.pdf Bob Young: Towards a Reference Ontology for Manufacturing] (2016)'''
[[BFO-Based Engineering Ontologies]]
 
[https://s3.amazonaws.com/ontologforum/OntologySummit2016/2016-03-17_Engineering/Reference-Ontology-for-Manufacturing--BobYoung_20160317.pdf Bob Young: Towards a Reference Ontology for Manufacturing] (2016)
 
[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/sUe6G9RNtb7tgjQtgtkC/full Interoperable Manufacturing Knowledge Systems] (2017)


[[Ontology of Engineering]]
[[Ontology of Engineering]]
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_the_Navy_SYSCOMs_Systems_Engineering_Transformation_Process Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering]


[[Product Life Cycle Ontologies]]
[[Product Life Cycle Ontologies]]


[[Modeling and Simulation]]
[[Modeling and Simulation]]
[[Systems Engineering Bootcamp]]


== Materials Ontology ==
== Materials Ontology ==
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'''[http://datascience.codata.org/articles/abstract/10.2481/dsj.5.52/ Toshihiro Ashino and Mitsutane Fujita: Definition of a Web Ontology for Design-Oriented Material Selection] (2006)'''  
'''[http://datascience.codata.org/articles/abstract/10.2481/dsj.5.52/ Toshihiro Ashino and Mitsutane Fujita: Definition of a Web Ontology for Design-Oriented Material Selection] (2006)'''  


:[http://www.codata.jp:8080 file archive]
:[http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.html Steel Industry Ontology] / [http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.owl .owl file]
 
:[http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.html Steel Industry Ontology] "[http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.owl .owl file]"


:[http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-886/paper_1.pdf A Systematic Approach to Developing Ontologies for Manufacturing Service Modeling]
:[http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-886/paper_1.pdf A Systematic Approach to Developing Ontologies for Manufacturing Service Modeling]
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[[Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Group]]
[[Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Group]]
[[Infectious Disease Ontology]]


[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Immunology_Ontologies Immunology Ontologies]
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Immunology_Ontologies Immunology Ontologies]
== Microbiome Ontology ==
'''Ontology'''
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535841/ Improved Gene Ontology Annotation for Biofilm Formation, Filamentous Growth, and Phenotypic Switching in Candida albicans]
[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199382514.001.0001/acprof-9780199382514-chapter-7 What Biofilms Can Teach Us about Individuality]
[https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1532046415000507/1-s2.0-S1532046415000507-main.pdf?_tid=ca8ad71a-c168-11e7-b687-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1509804327_c9962782780a7f2935bfc9140684d5c0 MorphoCol: An ontology-based knowledgebase for the characterisation of clinically significant bacterial colony morphologies]
[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1024.59&rep=rep1&type=pdf Designing an Ontology Tool for the Unification of Biofilms Data]
[http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/empo/ Eearth Microbiome Project Ontlogy EMPO]
'''The Human Microbiome'''
[http://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X(14)00023-7 Functional and phylogenetic assembly of microbial communities in the human microbiome]
[http://www.cmaj.ca/content/187/11/825.short#sec-2 The human microbiome], including as appendix: [http://www.cmaj.ca/content/suppl/2015/05/19/cmaj.141072.DC1/14-1072-1-at.pdf A microbiome glossary]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426293/ Defining the Human Microbiome]
[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/08/16/176784 MicrobiomeDB: a systems biology platform for integrating, mining and analyzing microbiome experiments]
[https://hmpdacc.org Human Microbiome Project]
[http://muse.jhu.edu/article/564608/pdf Parts and Wholes: The Human Microbiome, Ecological Ontology, and the Challenges of Community]
'''Microbiomes and the external environment'''
[http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/ The Earth Microbiome]
:[http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/protocols-and-standards/empo/ Earth Microbiome Project Ontology:EMPO]
[https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature24621.html A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity]
[http://metasub.org/ MetaSUB: Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways & Urban Biome]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305737/ Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant]
http://metasub.org/
'''Varia'''
[http://www.frontiersinai.com/turingfiles/July/12.pdf#page=9 Collective bio-molecular processes: The hidden ontology of systems biology]
[https://academic.oup.com/bib/article/doi/10.1093/bib/bbx120/4210288/A-review-of-methods-and-databases-for-metagenomic A review of methods and databases for metagenomic classification and assembly]


== Suggested Reading ==
== Suggested Reading ==
Line 265: Line 316:


[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkQG1_gsXtc War-Fighter Ontology]
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkQG1_gsXtc War-Fighter Ontology]
==Studying Ontology in Buffalo==
[http://www.philosophy.buffalo.edu/graduate/areas_of_study/phd/ Areas of Study]
[http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2011_02_11/caredit.a1100012 Careers in ontology]

Latest revision as of 17:24, 29 February 2024

The goal of the National Center for Ontological Research is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense.

Events

See here

For past events see here

For Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT) see [1]

News

DOD, Intelligence Community adopt resource developed by UB ontologists, Bert Gambini, UBNow, February 29, 2024.

U.S. Defense and Intelligence to Adopt BFO and CCO Standards for Enhanced Data Management,Shivani Chauhan, 28 Feb 2024.

Article on BFO in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 28, 2022, p. N3. Translation of opening paragraph:

Industry standards are not usually associated with philosophy or the humanities. That is why the new ISO/IEC 21838 standard conceals a minor scientific-historical sensation. Because for the first time, a philosophical theory has now been declared an industry standard, namely: the "Basic Formal Ontology", BFO for short. When you try to pronounce this acronym, it sounds a lot like "Buffalo," and that's no coincidence. Because Barry Smith, the main brain behind this norm, is the Julian Park Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buffalo in northern New York State, not far from Niagara Falls ...
For full text see here.

Interview with Barry Smith on Careers in Ontology, September 15, 2022

Interviews and podcasts on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''

New book on limits of AI published, August 12, 2022.

Machines ruling the world? Impossible, say researchers

This will totally blow your mind

UB professor’s ontology work recognized in an international standard, April 29, 2022.

Press release on launch of Industrial Ontologies Foundry, February 19, 2021.

Video recording of talk by Barry Smith on "Defining Intelligence", February 17, 2021

Press-release launching the new Industrial Ontologies Foundry, February 19, 2021

NCOR-Brasil established, December 1, 2020

Using Ontology as Powerful Weapon in COVID-19 Fight, July 14, 2020

Leveraging a powerful weapon in the fight against COVID-19 — ontology, June 10, 2020

UB workshop to address human and machine capabilities, April 20, 2018

Working group seeks to extend the depth and functionality of biomedical ontologies, October 14, 2017

Barry Smith wins 2016 IAOA Ontology Competition, August 18, 2016

Doctoral Candidate Invited to Work on United Nations Project, January 4, 2016

Advantages of the Financial Report Ontology in Accounting Research, February 23, 2013

UB Ontologists Win Bioinformatics Integration Award to Support National Institutes of Health

Announcing Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Affinity Group

Information Overload in the Era of Big Data

Botanists building ontologies to cope with information overload

UB Applied Informatics Portal unveiled.

Education

Online Courses

Barry Smith

Werner Ceusters

Defining 'Ontology'

An ontology is a representation of some part of reality, (e.g. medicine, social reality, physics, etc.). Smith states that: “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality…Ontology seeks to provide a definitive and exhaustive classification of entities in all spheres of being.” To be an accurate representation of reality an ontology includes the types of entities and events in a given domain (along with their definitions) arranged in a hierarchical structure, along with relations (such as part-of, depends-on, caused-by, etc. where necessary). Ontologies enable the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain by providing a common controlled vocabulary for doctrine writers, IT Developers, and war-fighters alike, thereby allowing these disparate communities to communicate with each other. An ontology should be a shared resource between communities, and its continued collaborative development should support the integration of information and facilitate knowledge discovery. These two goals are realized by ensuring wide dissemination of the ontology, so that it will be used by many stakeholders, and its terms will be correspondingly familiar and readily used for search.

Basic Formal Ontology 2.0

Basic Formal Ontology 2.0

Basic Formal Ontology 2020

BFO 2020

Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT)

Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Interviews and Podcasts

Systems Conversation (with Dr Oliver Gao, Director, Systems Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, September 2, 2022)
Blog of the American Philosophical Association: Interview with Charlie Taben, September 23, 2022
AI is here, but will it rule us? Wirkman Comments podcast with David Ramsey Steele (September 27, 2022). See also here.
NAS Podcast with Scott Turner: Will Machines Rule the World?, 4 October, 2022
Lecture to Philosophy and AI Research Group, University of Zurich, 14 October, 2022

Press Items and Notices

AI is cool, but will never reach human capability, Bert Gambini, August 25, 2022
Why AI will never rule the world Interview by Luke Dormehl on Digital Trends, September 25, 2022 (Recording)
UB Lecture, September 20, 2022

The Philosophome

Philosophome Website

Philosophome Wiki

Semantics of Biodiversity

Paper: Semantics in Support of Biodiversity Knowledge Discovery (PLoS ONE, 2013)

Video Presentations from: Semantics of Biodiversity Workshop (2012)

Ontologies as a method of viewing data
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
How to build an ontology with BFO
Tracking referents with Instance Unique Identifiers (IUIs)
Tracking Changes in Our Understanding of Reality: Reality vs. Beliefs
Darwin Core (DwC) and Basic Formal Ontology: Putting it All Together
Building Darwin Core top-down in BFO
Organisms, photographs, media
How to re-use ontologies
Principles of singular nouns, secondary use, understandability
Writing good definitions (DwC Examples)
Management strategies
Ontologies for reuse (BFO, EnvO, IDO, OBI, Plant Ontology , Uberon, IAO)
Educational resources (OBI, Protege, BFO)

Finance and Economics

An Application of Basic Formal Ontology to the Ontology of Services and Commodities, Institute for Business Informatics, University of Koblenz, Germany July 23, 2013

Barry Smith, Reference Data Integration: A Strategy for the Future, Financial Reference Data Management Conference (FIMA), New York, March 2012

The Wernicke Ontology Principle

Wernicke is an ontology-dependent AI system used to automate recurring business processes. Wernicke is based on formal logic developed by Jobst Landgrebe and co-workers at Cognotekt. Its ontologies do not have an Aristotelian taxonomic structure, but are fully axiomatised and logically describe the syntactic structure of recurring language patterns in the Prolog-subset of first order logic. The use of terms in two or more axiomatic definitions of ontological entities creates an implicit network structure within the ontology.

Examples (in German)

1. Implication relations for verbs and verb phrases. (There are hundreds of examples of such formulae in each Wernicke ontology.)

 ((zahlung(Y) AND nachkommen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
 ((geld(Y) AND schicken(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y1))) IMPL zahlen(Z))
 ((kosten(Y) AND tragen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
 ((überweisungsträger(Y) AND einwerfen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
 ((bringen(Z) AND ausgleich(A) AND zum(B) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z))
 ((möglich(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND sein(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y))) IMPL möglichsein(Z))  
 ((bitten(Z) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND möglichkeit(A) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL möglichsein(Z))


2. Temporal structures

 ((übermorgen(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
 ((morgen(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
 ((heute(W) AND (Y=0)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen))
 ((gestern(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen))
 ((vorgestern(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen))

3. Domain pattern formulae (ontologic entities)

 past payment a: ((zahlung(X) OR geld(X)) AND rausgehen(Z) AND (I=vergangen) AND verb(Z,X) AND vergangentemp(Z))
 past payment b: ((zahlung(Y) AND tätigen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y) AND (I=vergangen) AND vergangentemp(Z))
 past payment c: ((sein(Z) AND (betrag(X) OR forderung(X)) AND zahlen(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND (I=vergangen)
 AND verb(Z,X) AND NOT temp_mod(Z, praet, konj2)

Information Ontology

BFO-based data and information ontologies

Military and Intelligence Ontology

Common Core Ontologies

JFCOM: Semantic Web and Joint Training (2010)

I2WD: Semantic Enhancement for DSGS-A: Distributed Development of a Shared Semantic Resource (2012-13)

I2WD: PED Fusion via Enterprise Ontology

Common Core Ontologies (preliminary statement)

Joint Doctrine Ontology

Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering

Ontology of Planning

Ontology of Planning

Ontology of Engineering

BFO-Based Engineering Ontologies

Bob Young: Towards a Reference Ontology for Manufacturing (2016)

Interoperable Manufacturing Knowledge Systems (2017)

Ontology of Engineering

Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering

Product Life Cycle Ontologies

Modeling and Simulation

Systems Engineering Bootcamp

Materials Ontology

Toshihiro Ashino and Mitsutane Fujita: Definition of a Web Ontology for Design-Oriented Material Selection (2006)

Steel Industry Ontology / .owl file
A Systematic Approach to Developing Ontologies for Manufacturing Service Modeling

Buffalo Engineering Ontology

Ontology for Clinical and Translational Science

Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Group

Infectious Disease Ontology

Immunology Ontologies

Microbiome Ontology

Ontology

Improved Gene Ontology Annotation for Biofilm Formation, Filamentous Growth, and Phenotypic Switching in Candida albicans

What Biofilms Can Teach Us about Individuality

MorphoCol: An ontology-based knowledgebase for the characterisation of clinically significant bacterial colony morphologies

Designing an Ontology Tool for the Unification of Biofilms Data

Eearth Microbiome Project Ontlogy EMPO

The Human Microbiome

Functional and phylogenetic assembly of microbial communities in the human microbiome

The human microbiome, including as appendix: A microbiome glossary

Defining the Human Microbiome

MicrobiomeDB: a systems biology platform for integrating, mining and analyzing microbiome experiments

Human Microbiome Project

Parts and Wholes: The Human Microbiome, Ecological Ontology, and the Challenges of Community

Microbiomes and the external environment

The Earth Microbiome

Earth Microbiome Project Ontology:EMPO

A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity

MetaSUB: Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways & Urban Biome

Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

http://metasub.org/

Varia

Collective bio-molecular processes: The hidden ontology of systems biology

A review of methods and databases for metagenomic classification and assembly

Suggested Reading

Ontology: An Introduction

Coordinated Evolution of Biomedical Ontologies

Avoiding Perspective-Relative Silos

Universal Core Semantic Layer

Training Videos

Ontology for Intelligence, Defense and Security

A Repeatable Process for Ontology Development

Avoiding Semantic Stovepipes: Five Ontological Principles for Interoperability

War-Fighter Ontology

Studying Ontology in Buffalo

Areas of Study

Careers in ontology