View source for Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 2022

'''Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith'''

[https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/philosophy MAP, USI, Lugano], Spring 2022

Much of the material for this class is derived from the book ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the Earth: Artificial Intelligence without Fear'', currently in production with Routledge, co-authored by Landgrebe and Smith.

[https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe] is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.

[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/ Barry Smith] is one of the world's most widely cited philosophers. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data. 

'''Draft Schedule''' 

==Tuesday March 1 2022 15.30 - 18.15 (3h): Why Machines Will Never Rule the World ==

[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Machine-intentioinality Slides]

Introduction to the class

What is computation?

What is a language
:The Turing Test and the problem of natural language production

What is consciousness? 

What is will?

Can machines have a will?

What is intentionality?

Readings: 
:John Searle: [https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/3413-searle-j-minds-brains-and-programs-1980.pdf  Minds, Brains, and Programs] 
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There is no Artificial General Intelligence]

==Wednesday March 2 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) The human mind; animal, human and machine intelligence==

'''Intelligence'''

The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  

:A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
:B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 

What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 

For consideration in Wednesday's session: to what extent can ''artificial'' intelligence be achieved? 

Readings:
:Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.

:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Hutter-Definition Slides]
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReoyoinaKUE Video]

'''The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence'''

What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’? 

To what extent can AI be achieved? 

Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

Readings: 
:Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]

==Thursday March 3 2022 08.30 - 12.00 (4h) An Introduction to AI for Philosophers==

==Tuesday May 17 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) AI Ethics - Why Not Robot Cops?==

:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Ethics Slides]
:[https://youtu.be/EiBBS8ueyz4 Video]

What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?
:Utilitarianism
:Value ethics
On what basis should we build an AI ethics? 

On why AI ethics is (a) impossible, (b) unnecessary 

Readings: 
:Moor: [https://philosophynow.org/issues/72/Four_Kinds_of_Ethical_Robots Four kinds of ethical robots]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: No AI Ethics 
:Crane: [https://iai.tv/articles/the-ai-ethics-hoax-auid-1762?_auid=2020 The AI Ethics Hoax]

==Wednesday May 18 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Some Philosophical Questions About AI: Part 1==

'''''There Will Be No Singularity'': A Survey of the Argument'''

:The Dreyfus case against the possibility of AGI

:The Landgrebe-Smith case against the possibility of AGI

::Three Types of Impossibility: Technical, Physical, Mathematical

:Structure of the book: 
::Part I: Properties of the Human Mind
::'''Nomological materialistic monism'''
::::Alternative views on the mind-body problem
::'''Human and machine intelligence'''
:::Capabilities
:::Primal intelligence
:::Objectifying intelligence
:::Definitions of intelligence in AI
::::The Legg-Hutter definition (see Feb. 24, above)
:::Defining ''useful'' machine intelligence
::'''What is language?'''
::::Language and intentions
::::Speech as sensorimotor activity
::::Language and dialect change
::::The variance and complexity of human language
:::::Reading: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There Will Be No AGI]
::'''Conversation and contexts'''
:::Language production (explicit); language interpretation (implicit)
:::The Turing test
:::Context horizon
:::Social, spatial, temporal context
:::Conversation flow and interruptions
:::Social and ethical behaviour (see Feb. 26, above)
::Can we build an AI by emulating the brain?
:::David Chalmers on Brain Emulation
::::Can we build an AI by some other method?
:::David Chalmers on Artificial Evolution
::::David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singularity.pdf The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis]
::::David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singreply.pdf The Singularity: A Reply to Commentators]

==Thursday May 19 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Some Philosophical Questions About AI: Part 2  ==



==Monday May 23 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 1==
:'''The Limits of Mathematical Models'''
::'''Models'''
:::All science requires mathematical models
:::Types of models 1: descriptive, explanatory, predictive
:::Types of models 2: qualitative, quantitative
::::All predictive models are quantitative
::::Synoptic models
::::Adequate models
:::Computability
:::All AI engineering requires mathematical models
::::Explicit and implicit mathematical models
::'''Systems'''
:::System elements and system interactions 
:::Systems are fiat entities: they are a product of delimitation 
:::System boundaries
:::Relatively isolated systems
:'''The Limits and Potential of AI''
<!-- Intentions and drivenness
No emulation of animate drivenness
Consciousness
Searle’s wall
The Lucas-Penrose argument against machine consciousness
Bringsjord’s defence of machine consciousness
Other approaches in philosophy of mind, computation and AI
Computational theory of the mind
Objectifying intelligence and theoretical thinking
::Why machines will not master human language	
:::Neural Machine Translation
:::Human language as a complex system
:::Properties of the language system
:::AI conversation emulation
:::Challenges to machine conversation-->
:::Initial utterance production
:Modelling dialogue dynamics mathematically
::Mathematical models of human conversations
::Current state-of-the-art in dialogue systems
::Why conversation machines are doomed to fail
:Chapter 11   Why machines will not master social interaction	224
::No AI emulation of social behaviour
::Some examples
::No machine intersubjectivity
::No machine social norms
::AI and legal norms
::No machine emulation of morality
::No explicit ethical agents
::No AGI  in the kill chain

==Tuesday May 24 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 2 ==

:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/AI-Limits-and-Impact Preliminary Slides]:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/AI-Limits-and-Impact Preliminary Slides]

::Complex systems
:::Comprehensive and partial models               	
:::The scope of extended Newtonian mathematics           
:::Seven Properties of complex systems                 
:::Examples of complex systems                     
:::Human beings as complex systems
::::Complex systems of complex systems
:::Animate complex systems are organized and stable	    
::'''Mathematical models of complex systems'''
:::Multivariate distributions	                      
:::Adequate models for complex systems             
:::Predictive models of complex systems
::::Why we ain’t rich
:::::Example of a social fact
::Approaches to complex system modelling
:::Naïve approaches
:::Consequences for AI applications
:::Refined approaches
::::Scaling
:::Explicit networks
::::Evolutionary process models
::::Entropy models
:::Complex system emulation requires complex systems
:AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBS8ueyz4 Preliminary Video]

==Wednesday May 25 2022 08.30-11.15 (3h) Concluding Survey==

Student Presentations
:Giacomo De Colle: Mind Embodied and Embedded
:Rocco Felici: On Black Box Models in AI Ethics
:Julius Schulte: Explainable AI: How Disciplines Talk Past Each Other
:Gabriel Carraretto: Backpropagation and the Brain
:Michele Damian: Performance vs. Competence in Human–Machine Comparisons

==Course Description==

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.

The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as: 

*Can a computer have a conscious mind? 
*Can it have desires and emotions? 
*Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?

In addition, these developments make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:

*What is personal identity? Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
*What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?) 
*What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?

After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions following lectures by Drs Facchini and Smith and presentations of relevant papers by the students.

''Further Background Reading''
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209181112/https://jordanbpeterson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Essay_Writing_Guide.docx Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide]

:Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.