'''Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith''' [https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/philosophy MAP, USI, Lugano], Spring 2023 '''Background''' Much of the material for this class is derived from our book ''[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Why Machines Will Never Rule the World: Artificial Intelligence without Fear]'' (Routledge 2022). The March 1-2 sessions of the class will be accompanied by afternoon sessions devoted to a conference on the book. [https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Table of contents, first chapter and references] '''Faculty''' [https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe] is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician. Barry Smith is one of the world's most [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:metaphysics widely cited philosophers]. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data. '''Course Description''' Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaFold have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings. The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as: *Can a computer have a conscious mind? *Can a computer have desires, a will, and emotions? *Can a computer have responsibility for its behavior *Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different? In addition, new developments in the AI field make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including: *Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud? *What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?) *What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans? After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions. The class will close with presentations of papers on relevant topics given by students. '''Draft Schedule''' ==Tuesday, Feb 28 (15:30-18:00pm) Why machines will never rule the world == :Barry Smith: Overview of the arguments and introduction to the human mind. :Room: :::Announcement: ''[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Why Machines Will Never Rule the World]'' Introduction to the class :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Introduction Smith Slides] :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Audio-Feb28 Smith Audio] Readings: :John Searle: [https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/3413-searle-j-minds-brains-and-programs-1980.pdf Minds, Brains, and Programs] :Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There is no Artificial General Intelligence] :Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. ==Wednesday March 1 (9:30-12:00 noon): Artificial General Intelligence and Introduction to Stochastic AI == :Room: '''Artificial General Intelligence''' [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-March-1-2023 Landgrebe Slides] [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Bibliography-LandS Bibliography of ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''] The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:   :A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals)  :B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience  What are the essential marks of human intelligence?  Readings: :Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23. :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Hutter-Definition Slides from 2022] :[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReoyoinaKUE Video from 2022] '''The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence''' What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’? To what extent can AI be achieved?  Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence '''Theory of complex systems''' Readings: :Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence] :Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again] :S. Thurner et al. (2018): Introduction to the theory of complex systems (Oxford): ==Wednesday March 1 (14:30-18:00): Part 1 of Conference on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''== 14:30 – 14:45 Welcome 14:45 – 15:15 Barry Smith (Buffalo, USI): Summary of the Book [https://buffalo.box.com/s/viaendr1zcnvslqqki029mwu4ne6drzu Smith Slides] [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Workshop-Lugano Landgrebe Slides] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6DA4EcsLm8 Video of Opening Presentation by Landgrebe and Smith] 15:15 – 15:30 Jobst Landgrebe (Buffalo, USI) "The Core Mathematical Argument" 15:30 –16:00 Landgrebe: "Large Language Models (Galactica, ChatGPT)", Smith: "ChatGPT heuristics" ([https://buffalo.box.com/v/ChatGPT-Hallucinations Examples of ChatGPT hallucinations]) 16:00 – 16:15 Q&A 16:15 – 16:30 Coffee Break 16:30 – 18:00 Tim Crane (CEU, Vienna) “Is Artificial General Intelligence Possible?” ==Thursday, March 2 (9:30-12:00 noon): Language and Natural Intelligence == [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-March-1-2023 Landgrebe Slides] Language Structure and Language Economy (Landgrebe) Large Language Models (Landgrebe) Natural Intelligence (Landgrebe) ==Thursday March 2 (14:00-18:00): Part 2 of Conference on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''== 14:30 – 16:00 Emma Tieffenbach (USI, Zürich) “Making Sense of Singularity” 16:00 – 16:15 Coffee Break 16:15 – 17:45 Stefan Wolf (USI) “agAInst” 17:45 – 18:15 Concluding replies by Jobst Landgrebe & Barry Smith ==Friday, March 3 (13:30 - 16:00pm) Digital Immortality and the Meaning of Life== [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Digital-Immortality-2023 Slides] ==Tuesday, May 9 (15:30 - 18:00pm) The Human Will; and the Limits of AI == [https://buffalo.box.com/v/The-Human-Will Slides] Simple and complex systems The human will The missing machine will Consequences for the limits of AI Preliminary Remarks on ChatGPT and other Large Language Models ==Wednesday, May 10 (9:30 - 13:00) Quantum Computation 1 == 1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability 2. Classical logic-gate based computation: binary logic of computers, registers, logic gates and circuits, examples of circuits 3. Quantum mechanics: superposition, double slit, uncertainty, Stern-Gerlach, Hamiltonian, Hilbert space Source: Nielsen and Chuang, ''[https://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/cs837-19spring/QC-textbook.pdf Quantum Computation and Quantum Information]'' [https://youtu.be/_mvoS_H_kA8 Video] [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Quantum-Computing-1 Slides for Parts 1 and 2] ==Thursday, May 11 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Quantum Computation 2 == Continues Wednesday's lecture: 4. Quantum computing: quantum bits, registers, quantum gates, simple quantum algorithm, quantum error (correction), future of quantum computing 5. Philosophical interpretation of quantum computing 6. Why quantum computers are Turing machines Mikhail Dyakonov, ''[https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-case-against-quantum-computing The Case Against Quantum Computing]'' [https://youtu.be/BB89YcLeAko Video] ==Tuesday May 16 (15:30 - 18:00pm): The Nature of Intelligence: Humans vs. ChatGPT == Human and machine intelligence Can ChatGPT become intelligent? Are Large Language Models a threat to humanity? Capabilities, or: What do IQ tests measure? :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/What-do-IQ-tests-2022 Slides] Is Psychology Finished? :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Is-Psychology-Finished? Slides] ==Wednesday May 17 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Student Presentations and Concluding Survey== :'''Student Presentations''' Aaron Wirt: Politics and Digital Technologies Sven Eichholtz: A Critique of Cross-modal Vector Space Alignment for Capturing Referential Semantics Jahmaira Archbold: AI to Understand Animal Communication ​David Alarcon and ​Davide Casnici: I​n Turing's and Gödel's Shadows: The Inaccessible Horizons of Artificial Intelligence Qianbo Zang: Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different? ==Background Reading== '''An Introduction to AI for Philosophers''' :[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmiY8_XVvzs Video] :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Why-not-robot-cops Slides] (AI experts are invited to criticize what I have to say here) '''An Introduction to Philosophy for Computer Scientists''' :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/What-is-philosophy Video] :[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Crash-Course-Introduction Slides] (Philosophers are invited to criticize what I have to say here) '''[https://www.cp.eng.chula.ac.th/~prabhas/teaching/cbs-it-seminar/2012/aiphil-mccarthy.pdf John McCarthy, "What has AI in common with philosophy?"]