Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 2021: Difference between revisions

From NCOR Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(83 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:


==Monday February 22 2021 14:30 - 17:15: Some examples of philosophical problems==
==Monday February 22 2021 14:30 - 17:15: Some examples of philosophical problems==
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Machine-intentioinality Slides]
Introduction to the class


What is computation?
What is computation?
Line 17: Line 21:


Can machines have a will?
Can machines have a will?
What is intentionality?


Readings:  
Readings:  
Line 24: Line 30:
==Tuesday February 23 2021 14:30 - 17:15 The Impossibility of Digital Immortality==
==Tuesday February 23 2021 14:30 - 17:15 The Impossibility of Digital Immortality==


Dialogue, Transhumanism and Identity: Can we download the contents of our brains onto a computer and become immortal?
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Immortality-Intelligence Slides]
 
'''Part One: Immortality'''
 
Transhumanism and Identity: Can we download the contents of our brains onto a computer and become immortal?


Why you cannot exist outside your body
Why you cannot exist outside your body


Readings:  
Readings:  
:Martine Rothblatt: Mind is Deeper Than Matter TO BE SUPPLIED AT USI SITE
:Martine Rothblatt: Mind is Deeper Than Matter [TO BE SUPPLIED AT USI SITE]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/We-are-living-in-a-simulation Scott Adams: We are living in a simulation]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/We-are-living-in-a-simulation Scott Adams: We are living in a simulation]
:[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/Matrix.pdf AI and ''The Matrix'']
:[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/Matrix.pdf AI and ''The Matrix'']


==Wednesday February 24, 2021 14:30 - 16:00: Natural and Artificial Intelligence==
'''Part Two: Intelligence'''
 
The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  


'''Questions to be addressed'''
:A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
:B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 


What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 
What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 


What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?  
For consideration in Wednesday's session: to what extent can ''artificial'' intelligence be achieved? 
 
Readings:
:Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.


To what extent can AI be achieved? 
==Wednesday February 24, 2021 14:30 - 16:00: The Legg-Hutter Definition of 'Universal Intelligence'==


The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  
(with Jobst Landgrebe)


:A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Hutter-Definition Slides]
:B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReoyoinaKUE Video]


I will provide some details as to both A. and B., and show that the standard AI definition of intelligence is a version of A. formulated in mathematical terms.  I will then criticize this standard AI definition, and show why it is entirely unsuitable for use as a benchmark of success in regard to achievement of human-level intelligence on the part of the machine. I will conclude by providing the sketch of an argument to the effect that human-level intelligence can be achieved at best only along certain narrow paths, for example mastering games such as Go or Chess with well-defined rules.
[https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe] is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 16 years experience in AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.


'''Subsidiary questions'''
What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?


What do intelligence tests measure? See video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfXxfmIHQgc here]
To what extent can AI be achieved? 


Functions of the human brain
Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence


Readings:  
Readings:  
:Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence]
:Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.


==Friday February 26 2021 16:30 - 18:00 Why Not Robot Police? Dialogue With Jobst Landgrebe==
==Friday February 26 2021 16:30 - 18:00 AI Ethics==
 
(with Jobst Landgrebe)


:Jobst Landgrebe is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 16 years experience in AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Ethics Slides]
:[https://youtu.be/EiBBS8ueyz4 Video]


:What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?
What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?
::Utilitarianism
:Utilitarianism
::Value ethics
:Value ethics
:On what basis should we build an AI ethics?  
On what basis should we build an AI ethics?  


:On why AI ethics is (a) impossible, (b) unnecessary (with [https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe])
On why AI ethics is (a) impossible, (b) unnecessary  


Readings:  
Readings:  
:Moor: [https://philosophynow.org/issues/72/Four_Kinds_of_Ethical_Robots Four kinds of ethical robots]
:Moor: [https://philosophynow.org/issues/72/Four_Kinds_of_Ethical_Robots Four kinds of ethical robots]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: No AI Ethics TO BE SUPPLIED AT USI SITE
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: No AI Ethics  
:Crane: [https://iai.tv/articles/the-ai-ethics-hoax-auid-1762?_auid=2020 The AI Ethics Hoax]
 
==Monday May 17 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A12) Some Philosophical Questions About AI ==
 
Student presentations


==Wednesday May 12 2021 14:30 - 17.15 Brain Emulation==
:Tommaso Soriani: Of (Zombie) Mice and Animats
:Maria Andromachi Kolyvaki: Statistical Learning Theory as a Framework for the Philosophy of Induction.
:Ismaele Affini: The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity
:Anita Buckley: The limits of machine intelligence
:Osama Khalil: Trolleyology: "Would you kill the fat man?"


Can we build an AI by emulating the brain?
'''''There Will Be No Singularity'': A Survey of the Argument'''


Chalmers on Brain Emulation
:The Dreyfus case against the possibility of AGI


Chalmers on Artificial Evolution
:The Landgrebe-Smith case against the possibility of AGI


Readings:
::Three Types of Impossibility: Technical, Physical, Mathematical
:David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singularity.pdf The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis]
:David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singreply.pdf The Singularity: A Reply to Commentators]


==Friday May 14 2021 09:30 - 12:15: AI and Ontology==
:Structure of the book:
:Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) (ISO/IEC 21838-2)
::Part I: Properties of the Human Mind
:Applications of BFO in AI
::'''Nomological materialistic monism'''
:Upper Level Ontologies
::::Alternative views on the mind-body problem
:DOLCE
::'''Human and machine intelligence'''
::[https://buffalo.box.com/s/3renstknwggknrr09b6r7qjco5dhoalu Slides]
:::Capabilities
::[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:::Primal intelligence
:::Objectifying intelligence
:::Definitions of intelligence in AI
::::The Legg-Hutter definition (see Feb. 24, above)
:::Defining ''useful'' machine intelligence
::'''What is language?'''
::::Language and intentions
::::Speech as sensorimotor activity
::::Language and dialect change
::::The variance and complexity of human language
:::::Reading: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There Will Be No AGI]
::'''Conversation and contexts'''
:::Language production (explicit); language interpretation (implicit)
:::The Turing test
:::Context horizon
:::Social, spatial, temporal context
:::Conversation flow and interruptions
:::Social and ethical behaviour (see Feb. 26, above)
::Can we build an AI by emulating the brain?
:::David Chalmers on Brain Emulation
::::Can we build an AI by some other method?
:::David Chalmers on Artificial Evolution
::::David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singularity.pdf The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis]
::::David J. Chalmers: [http://consc.net/papers/singreply.pdf The Singularity: A Reply to Commentators]


==Monday May 17 2021 14:30 - 17:15 AI and the Ontology of Complex Systems==
==Tuesday May 18 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A12) ==
:::AI is a family of algorithms to automate repetitive events
:::AI is not artificial ''intelligence''; it is a branch of mathematics in which the attempt is made to use the Turing machine to its limits by using gigantically large amounts of data
:::What sorts of problems can AI not solve?
:[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf Paper:There is no general AI]


Student presentations
Student presentations
:Rwiddhi Chakraborty: The Myth of Hypercomputation
:Amir Sulic: Why general AI will not be realized
:Brian Pulfer: The Singularity and Machine Ethics
:Peter Buttaroni: Adversarial Examples and the Deeper Riddle of Induction


==Tuesday May 18 2021 14:30 - 17:15 Language+==
:'''The Limits of Mathematical Models'''
:An Ontology of Terrorism
::'''Models'''
:Sentiment Analysis
:::All science requires mathematical models
:An Ontology of Language
:::Types of models 1: descriptive, explanatory, predictive
:Language+Behaviour
:::Types of models 2: qualitative, quantitative
:Language+Violence
::::All predictive models are quantitative
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Language-Terrorism Slides]
::::Synoptic models
::::Adequate models
:::Computability
:::All AI engineering requires mathematical models
::::Explicit and implicit mathematical models
::'''Systems'''
:::System elements and system interactions
:::Systems are fiat entities: they are a product of delimitation
:::System boundaries
:::Relatively isolated systems
:'''The Limits and Potential of AI''
<!-- Intentions and drivenness
No emulation of animate drivenness
Consciousness
Searle’s wall
The Lucas-Penrose argument against machine consciousness
Bringsjord’s defence of machine consciousness
Other approaches in philosophy of mind, computation and AI
Computational theory of the mind
Objectifying intelligence and theoretical thinking
::Why machines will not master human language
:::Neural Machine Translation
:::Human language as a complex system
:::Properties of the language system
:::AI conversation emulation
:::Challenges to machine conversation-->
:::Initial utterance production
<!--Modelling dialogue dynamics mathematically
Mathematical models of human conversations
Current state-of-the-art in dialogue systems
Why conversation machines are doomed to fail
Chapter 11  Why machines will not master social interaction 224
No AI emulation of social behaviour
Some examples
No machine intersubjectivity
No machine social norms
AI and legal norms
No machine emulation of morality
No explicit ethical agents
No AGI  in the kill chain-->
:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/AI-Limits-and-Impact Preliminary Slides]


==Wednesday May 19 2021 14:30 - 17:15 Emotions and Diseases==
==Wednesday May 19 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A21) First Dialogue with Jobst Landgrebe==
::[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Emotion-Ontology-1 Slides]
:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
::[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Emotion-Ontology-2 Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/AI-Limits-and-Impact Preliminary Slides]
:Basic Emotions
:Aesthetic Emotions
:Disease Ontology
:Infectious Disease Ontology
:COVID-19 Ontology


Student presentations:
::Complex systems
TBD
:::Comprehensive and partial models             
:::The scope of extended Newtonian mathematics         
:::Seven Properties of complex systems               
:::Examples of complex systems                   
:::Human beings as complex systems
::::Complex systems of complex systems
:::Animate complex systems are organized and stable    
::'''Mathematical models of complex systems'''
:::Multivariate distributions                      
:::Adequate models for complex systems           
:::Predictive models of complex systems
::::Why we ain’t rich
:::::Example of a social fact
::Approaches to complex system modelling
:::Naïve approaches
:::Consequences for AI applications
:::Refined approaches
::::Scaling
:::Explicit networks
::::Evolutionary process models
::::Entropy models
:::Complex system emulation requires complex systems


==Thursday May 20 2021 13:30 - 16:15 Second Dialogue with Jobst Landgrebe ==
==Thursday May 20 2021 12:30 - 16:00 (Room A12) Second Dialogue with Jobst Landgrebe ==
:1. AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
:2. AI and the Ontology of Power
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/AI-Limits-and-Impact Slides]


==Friday-Saturday May 21-22: SNF Conference on Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence==  
:AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBS8ueyz4 Preliminary Video]


'''Course Description'''
==Friday May 21 2021 12:30 - 14:00 (Room A12) Concluding Survey==
 
Student Presentations
:Giacomo De Colle: Mind Embodied and Embedded
:Rocco Felici: On Black Box Models in AI Ethics
:Julius Schulte: Explainable AI: How Disciplines Talk Past Each Other
:Gabriel Carraretto: Backpropagation and the Brain
:Michele Damian: Performance vs. Competence in Human–Machine Comparisons
 
==Course Description==


Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.
Line 151: Line 263:
''Further Background Reading''
''Further Background Reading''
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209181112/https://jordanbpeterson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Essay_Writing_Guide.docx Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide]
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209181112/https://jordanbpeterson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Essay_Writing_Guide.docx Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide]
:Gerald J. Erion and Barry Smith, “[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/Matrix.pdf In Defense of Truth: Skepticism, Morality, and The Matrix]”, in W. Irwin (ed.), ''Philosophy and The Matrix'', La Salle and Chicago: Open Court, 2002, 16–27.


:Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
:Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Latest revision as of 18:10, 3 February 2022

Barry Smith

MAP, USI, Lugano, Spring 2021

Schedule

Monday February 22 2021 14:30 - 17:15: Some examples of philosophical problems

Slides

Introduction to the class

What is computation?

What is a language

The Turing Test and the problem of natural language production

What is consciousness?

What is will?

Can machines have a will?

What is intentionality?

Readings:

John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: There is no Artificial General Intelligence

Tuesday February 23 2021 14:30 - 17:15 The Impossibility of Digital Immortality

Slides

Part One: Immortality

Transhumanism and Identity: Can we download the contents of our brains onto a computer and become immortal?

Why you cannot exist outside your body

Readings:

Martine Rothblatt: Mind is Deeper Than Matter [TO BE SUPPLIED AT USI SITE]
Scott Adams: We are living in a simulation
AI and The Matrix

Part Two: Intelligence

The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  

A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 

What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 

For consideration in Wednesday's session: to what extent can artificial intelligence be achieved? 

Readings:

Linda S. Gottfredson. Mainstream Science on Intelligence. In: Intelligence 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.

Wednesday February 24, 2021 14:30 - 16:00: The Legg-Hutter Definition of 'Universal Intelligence'

(with Jobst Landgrebe)

Slides
Video

Jobst Landgrebe is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 16 years experience in AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.

What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?

To what extent can AI be achieved? 

Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

Readings:

Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: Making AI Meaningful Again

Friday February 26 2021 16:30 - 18:00 AI Ethics

(with Jobst Landgrebe)

Slides
Video

What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?

Utilitarianism
Value ethics

On what basis should we build an AI ethics?

On why AI ethics is (a) impossible, (b) unnecessary

Readings:

Moor: Four kinds of ethical robots
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: No AI Ethics
Crane: The AI Ethics Hoax

Monday May 17 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A12) Some Philosophical Questions About AI

Student presentations

Tommaso Soriani: Of (Zombie) Mice and Animats
Maria Andromachi Kolyvaki: Statistical Learning Theory as a Framework for the Philosophy of Induction.
Ismaele Affini: The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity
Anita Buckley: The limits of machine intelligence
Osama Khalil: Trolleyology: "Would you kill the fat man?"

There Will Be No Singularity: A Survey of the Argument

The Dreyfus case against the possibility of AGI
The Landgrebe-Smith case against the possibility of AGI
Three Types of Impossibility: Technical, Physical, Mathematical
Structure of the book:
Part I: Properties of the Human Mind
Nomological materialistic monism
Alternative views on the mind-body problem
Human and machine intelligence
Capabilities
Primal intelligence
Objectifying intelligence
Definitions of intelligence in AI
The Legg-Hutter definition (see Feb. 24, above)
Defining useful machine intelligence
What is language?
Language and intentions
Speech as sensorimotor activity
Language and dialect change
The variance and complexity of human language
Reading: There Will Be No AGI
Conversation and contexts
Language production (explicit); language interpretation (implicit)
The Turing test
Context horizon
Social, spatial, temporal context
Conversation flow and interruptions
Social and ethical behaviour (see Feb. 26, above)
Can we build an AI by emulating the brain?
David Chalmers on Brain Emulation
Can we build an AI by some other method?
David Chalmers on Artificial Evolution
David J. Chalmers: The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis
David J. Chalmers: The Singularity: A Reply to Commentators

Tuesday May 18 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A12)

Student presentations

Rwiddhi Chakraborty: The Myth of Hypercomputation
Amir Sulic: Why general AI will not be realized
Brian Pulfer: The Singularity and Machine Ethics
Peter Buttaroni: Adversarial Examples and the Deeper Riddle of Induction
The Limits of Mathematical Models
Models
All science requires mathematical models
Types of models 1: descriptive, explanatory, predictive
Types of models 2: qualitative, quantitative
All predictive models are quantitative
Synoptic models
Adequate models
Computability
All AI engineering requires mathematical models
Explicit and implicit mathematical models
Systems
System elements and system interactions
Systems are fiat entities: they are a product of delimitation
System boundaries
Relatively isolated systems
'The Limits and Potential of AI
Initial utterance production
AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
Preliminary Slides

Wednesday May 19 2021 14:30 - 18:00 (Room A21) First Dialogue with Jobst Landgrebe

AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
Preliminary Slides
Complex systems
Comprehensive and partial models
The scope of extended Newtonian mathematics
Seven Properties of complex systems
Examples of complex systems
Human beings as complex systems
Complex systems of complex systems
Animate complex systems are organized and stable
Mathematical models of complex systems
Multivariate distributions
Adequate models for complex systems
Predictive models of complex systems
Why we ain’t rich
Example of a social fact
Approaches to complex system modelling
Naïve approaches
Consequences for AI applications
Refined approaches
Scaling
Explicit networks
Evolutionary process models
Entropy models
Complex system emulation requires complex systems

Thursday May 20 2021 12:30 - 16:00 (Room A12) Second Dialogue with Jobst Landgrebe

AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics
Preliminary Video

Friday May 21 2021 12:30 - 14:00 (Room A12) Concluding Survey

Student Presentations

Giacomo De Colle: Mind Embodied and Embedded
Rocco Felici: On Black Box Models in AI Ethics
Julius Schulte: Explainable AI: How Disciplines Talk Past Each Other
Gabriel Carraretto: Backpropagation and the Brain
Michele Damian: Performance vs. Competence in Human–Machine Comparisons

Course Description

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.

The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:

  • Can a computer have a conscious mind?
  • Can it have desires and emotions?
  • Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?

In addition, these developments make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:

  • What is personal identity? Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
  • What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
  • What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?

After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions following lectures by Drs Facchini and Smith and presentations of relevant papers by the students.

Further Background Reading

Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide
Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Retrieved from "https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Philosophy_and_Artificial_Intelligence_2021&oldid=72403"