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==Monday, May 13 (9:30 - 12:15 Quantum Computation 1 == | ==Monday, May 13 (9:30 - 12:15) Quantum Computation 1 == | ||
1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability | 1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability | ||
Revision as of 18:13, 2 November 2023
Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 2024
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent successes of ChatGPT and other Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to a new popularization of AI, since these tools are immediately available to the wider population, who for the first time can have real hands-on experience of what AI can do. LLMs belong to the class of stochastic AI.
These developments in AI open up a series of questions such as:
Will the powers of AI continue to grow in the future, and if so will they ever reach the point where they can be said to have intelligence equivalent to or greater than that of a human being?
Could we ever reach the point where we can accept the thesis that an AI system could have something like consciousness or sentience?
Could we reach the point where an AI system could be said to behave ethically, or to have responsibility for its actions.
Can quantum computers enable a stronger AI than what we have today?
We will describe in detail how stochastic AI work, and consider these and a series of other questions at the borderlines of philosophy and AI. The class will close with presentations of papers on relevant topics given by students.
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith
MAP, USI, Lugano, Spring 2023
Background
Much of the material for this class is derived from our book Why Machines Will Never Rule the World: Artificial Intelligence without Fear (Routledge 2022). The March 1-2 sessions of the class will be accompanied by afternoon sessions devoted to a conference on the book.
Table of contents, first chapter and references
Faculty
Jobst Landgrebe is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.
Barry Smith is one of the world's most widely cited philosophers. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data.
Course Description
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaFold have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.
The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:
- Can a computer have a conscious mind?
- Can a computer have desires, a will, and emotions?
- Can a computer have responsibility for its behavior
- Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?
In addition, new developments in the AI field make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:
- Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
- What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
- What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?
After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions. The class will close with presentations of papers on relevant topics given by students.
Draft Schedule
Tuesday, February 20 (14:30-17:15) Why machines will never rule the world
- Barry Smith: Overview of the arguments and introduction to the human mind.
- Room:
- Announcement: Why Machines Will Never Rule the World
Introduction to the class
Readings:
- John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs
- Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: There is no Artificial General Intelligence
- Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Wednesday February 21 (9:30-12:15 noon): Artificial General Intelligence and Introduction to Stochastic AI
- Room:
Artificial General Intelligence
Bibliography of Why Machines Will Never Rule the World
The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:
- A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals)
- B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience
What are the essential marks of human intelligence?
Readings:
- Linda S. Gottfredson. Mainstream Science on Intelligence. In: Intelligence 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.
The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence
What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?
To what extent can AI be achieved?
Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence
Theory of complex systems
Readings:
- Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
- Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: Making AI Meaningful Again
- S. Thurner et al. (2018): Introduction to the theory of complex systems (Oxford):
Thursday, February 22 (14:30 - 17:15): Language and Natural Intelligence
Language Structure and Language Economy (Landgrebe)
Large Language Models (Landgrebe)
Natural Intelligence (Landgrebe)
Friday, February 23 (9:30 - 12:15) Digital Immortality and the Meaning of Life
Simple and complex systems
The human will
The missing machine will
Consequences for the limits of AI
Preliminary Remarks on ChatGPT and other Large Language Models
Monday, May 13 (9:30 - 12:15) Quantum Computation 1
1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability
2. Classical logic-gate based computation: binary logic of computers, registers, logic gates and circuits, examples of circuits
3. Quantum mechanics: superposition, double slit, uncertainty, Stern-Gerlach, Hamiltonian, Hilbert space
Source: Nielsen and Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Tuesday, May 14 (9:30 - 12:15) Quantum Computation 2
Continues Wednesday's lecture:
4. Quantum computing: quantum bits, registers, quantum gates, simple quantum algorithm, quantum error (correction), future of quantum computing
5. Philosophical interpretation of quantum computing
6. Why quantum computers are Turing machines
Mikhail Dyakonov, The Case Against Quantum Computing
Wednesday May 15 (9:30 - 12:15): The Nature of Intelligence: Humans vs. ChatGPT
Human and machine intelligence
Can ChatGPT become intelligent?
Are Large Language Models a threat to humanity?
Capabilities, or: What do IQ tests measure?
Is Psychology Finished?
Thursday May 16 (14:30 - 18:15) TBD
Friday May 17 (9:30-12:15) Student Presentations and Concluding Survey
- Student Presentations
Aaron Wirt: Politics and Digital Technologies
Sven Eichholtz: A Critique of Cross-modal Vector Space Alignment for Capturing Referential Semantics
Jahmaira Archbold: AI to Understand Animal Communication
David Alarcon and Davide Casnici: In Turing's and Gödel's Shadows: The Inaccessible Horizons of Artificial Intelligence
Qianbo Zang: Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?
Background Reading
An Introduction to AI for Philosophers
(AI experts are invited to criticize what I have to say here)
An Introduction to Philosophy for Computer Scientists
(Philosophers are invited to criticize what I have to say here)
