Intelligence Analysis: A Philosophical Introduction
Intelligence Analysis: A Philosophical Introduction
Registration:
- Class#: XXXXX (PHI)
'Instructors: Barry Smith, David Limbaugh
Prerequisites: Open to all persons with an undergraduate degree.
Office hours: By appointment via email at phismith@buffalo.edu
The Course
Course Description: The aim of the course is to provide an introduction to philosophy by focusing on a series of topics of interest to intelligence analysts. This will include topics and motivating examples in areas such as: the cognitive processes involved in intelligence analyst, the different types of evidence, the definition of 'classification' and 'clearance', the goals of intelligence analysis, statistical aspects of analytic reasoning, analytic reasong and deep learning. Philosophical ideas introduced and used will include those of epistemology, social ontology, cognitive ontology, and the philosophy of computing and information.
Course Structure: This will be a three credit hour graduate seminar. The final session will be structured around youtube videos created by the students in the class. In addition, components of each three-hour seminar will be incorporated into a series of on-line videos.
Schedule:
August 27: Introduction to Ontology
- What is an ontology?
- Key elements of an ontology
- What are ontologies useful for?
First class assignment: write a 2-page essay summarizing the key elements of an ontology as identified in the lecture and comparing them to the view of an ontology offered in Hoehndorf, Schofield & Gkoutos, 2015). Deadline: noon, September 6.
Advance reading (prior to September 10 lecture): 1. Scheuermann, Ceusters and Smith, 2009. 2. Haendel et. al., 2018
September 3: Labor Day – No class
September 10 Basic Formal Ontology
- Top-level ontologies
- Introduction to BFO
BFO can be reviewed here
Advance reading (prior to September 24 lecture): SW Smith and Koppel, 2014
September 17: Ontology and Information Engineering in the Healthcare Domain
- Ontology look-alikes
- Use of ontology and look-alikes in biomedical applications
- BFO as benchmark for biomedical Information Engineering (IE)
Second class assignment: Summarize in a 2-page essay the problems discussed in (SW Smith and Koppel, 2014) and describe how Basic Formal Ontology can assist in dealing solving them
Advance reading (prior to October 1 lecture): Merelli, et al, 2014
September 24: Ontology of Disease
- Disease from the clinician’s perspective,
- Ontological approaches to disease,
- The Ontology for General Medical Science
Third class assignment: Summarize in a 2-page essay the issues discussed in pages 16-21 of Haendel et. al., 2018 and describe how the framework offered by Scheuermann, Ceusters and Smith, 2009 might resolve them.
Advance reading (prior to September 17 lecture): Chapters 5 and 6 of Arp, Smith and Spear, 2016
October 1: Disease / Aging / Ontology Building
Ontology of Disease (Continued)
Ontology of Aging
Ontology Building
Reading:
October 8: Introduction to Protégé
Protégé is the leading open-source ontology editor
This class taught by Brian Donohue
Fourth class assignment: Create a simple ontology using Protégé. Deadline: noon, 25 October.
October 15: Pain / Bruxism / Embryontology
Ontology of Pain
Bruxism
Embryontology
Readings:
Fifth class assignment: Create a plan for your presentation on December 3
October 22: Joint Doctrine Ontology / Building an Ethical Warfighter / Terrorism
Joint Doctrine Ontology (JDO)
Building an Ethical Warfighter
Ontology of Terrorism
Readings:
- Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
- P. Morossof et al., "Joint Doctrine Ontology: A Benchmark for Military Information Systems Interoperability" (2015)
- R. R. Larsen and J. Hastings, "From Affective Science to Psychiatric Disorder: Ontology as a Semantic Bridge" (2018)
October 29: Top-Level Ontologies / The Six-Category Ontology / Truth and Maps
Top-Level Ontologies
The Six-Category Ontology
Truth and the Ontology of Maps
Readings:
- DOLCE: An Upper-Level Ontology
- SUMO Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
- http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Basic_Formal_Ontology_2.0 Basic Formal Ontology]
November 5: From Speech Acts to Document Acts / Social Agency / Deontics
From speech acts to document acts
Massively planned social agency
Deontic entities
November 12: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Machine Learning / Money
- Overview of machine learning and other approaches to the exploitation of Big Data (presented by Kevin Keane)
- Role of ontology in Data Science
- Ontology of money
Readings:
November 19: The Ontology of the Eruv
The Ontology of the Eruv
Reading:
November 26: Why computer science needs philosophy / Why I am not a Philosopher
Why computer science needs philosophy
Why I am not a philosopher
December 3: Student Projects
1:05pm Botan Dolun: The Metaphysics of States
1:20pm Angie Li: Ontology Representing Human Artificial Reproductive Technologies
1:35pm Zihe Luo: The Music Ontology
1:50pm Jinwei Hu: Patient Conditions: Referent Tracking and Prognostic Terms
2:05pm Alexander Anderson: Quantum Realism
2:20pm Shyamashree Srinha: Opioid Use Disorder in the Light of Ontology
2:40pm William Mangione: The Drug Repurposing Ontology
3:00pm Jonathan Vajda: On the Relation Between a Biospecimen and its Source
3:20pm Eric Merrell: Ontology of Fictional Entities
3:35pm Arlen Brickman: Defining Cancer
Background Reading: Robert Arp, Barry Smith and Andrew Spear, Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, August 2015.
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith, "Making AI Meaningful Again", arXiv, 2019.
Intelligence Analysis in Buffalo: UB scientists are involved in a variety of projects in which intelligence analysis plays a role.
Schedule
Provisional list of topics
- Ontology, AI and Robotics
- Services, Commodities, Infrastructure
- Product Life Cycle Ontology
- Ontology and Information Engineering in the Healthcare Domain
- The Science of Document Informatics
- Finance Ontology
- The Ontology of Plans
- Ontology of Military Logistics
- Ontology and Intelligence Analysis
- Ontology and Data Fusion
- Ontology of Terrorism
Student Learning Outcomes
| Program Outcomes/Competencies | Instructional Method(s) | Assessment Method(s) |
|---|---|---|
| The student will acquire a thorough knowledge of current ontology research in areas relating to engineering, data fusion, defense and intelligence | Video lectures and online discussions | Review of submitted online content and of participation in online discussion forum |
| The student will acquire experience in ontology development | Video lectures and critique of successive drafts | Review of results in the form of xsl spreadsheet or Protégé file |
| The student will acquire experience in communicating the results of work on ontology development | Creation of youtube presentation and of associated documentation | Review of results |
Important dates
| Jan 28 | - first video released by Dr Smith at 9am |
| Feb 20 | - about now start to discuss by email the content of your video and essay with Dr Smith |
| Feb 28 | - submit a proposed title and abstract |
| Mar 16 | - create a simple ontology using Protege |
| Mar 31 | - submit a table of contents and 300 word summary plus draft of associated ppt slides |
| Apr 27 | - submit penultimate draft of essay and powerpoint |
| May 4 | - submit final version of essay and powerpoint and upload final version of video to youtube |
Grading
Grading will be based on two factors:
I: understanding and criticism of the videos presented in classes 1-13
All students are required to ingest the content of all videos and to take an active part in on-line discussions throughout the semester.
II: preparation of a youtube video and associated documentation (including powerpoint slides and essay).
Content and structure of the essay should be discussed with Dr Smith. Where the essay takes the form of the documentation of a specific ontology developed by the student it should include:
- Statement of scope of the ontology
- Summary of existing ontologies in the relevant domain
- Explanation of how your ontology differs from (or incorporates) these ontologies
- Screenshots of parts of the ontology with some examples of important terms and definitions
- Summaries of potential applications of the ontology
Grading Policy: Grading follows standard Graduate School policies. Grades will be weighted according to the following breakdown:
Weighting Assignment
- 26% - video summaries (2% per summary)
- 14% - forum participation
- 20% - youtube video
- 20% - powerpoint slides
- 20% - essay / ontology content
Final Grades
Grade Quality Percentage
| A | 4.0 | 93.0% -100.00% |
| A- | 3.67 | 90.0% - 92.9% |
| B+ | 3.33 | 87.0% - 89.9% |
| B | 3.00 | 83.0% - 86.9% |
| B- | 2.67 | 80.0% - 82.9% |
| C+ | 2.33 | 77.0% - 79.9% |
| C | 2.00 | 73.0% - 76.9% |
| C- | 1.67 | 70.0% - 72.9% |
| D+ | 1.33 | 67.0% - 69.9% |
| D | 1.00 | 60.0% - 66.9% |
| F | 0 | 59.9% or below |
An interim grade of Incomplete (I) may be assigned if the student has not completed all requirements for the course. An interim grade of 'I' shall not be assigned to a student who did not attend the course. The default grade accompanying an interim grade of 'I' shall be 'U' and will be displayed on the UB record as 'IU.' The default Unsatisfactory (U) grade shall become the permanent course grade of record if the 'IU' is not changed through formal notice by the instructor upon the student's completion of the course.
Assignment of an interim 'IU' is at the discretion of the instructor. A grade of 'IU' can be assigned only if successful completion of unfulfilled course requirements can result in a final grade better than the default 'U' grade. The student should have a passing average in the requirements already completed. The instructor shall provide the student specification, in writing, of the requirements to be fulfilled.
The university’s Graduate Incomplete Policy can be found here.
Related Policies and Services
Academic integrity is a fundamental university value. Through the honest completion of academic work, students sustain the integrity of the university while facilitating the university's imperative for the transmission of knowledge and culture based upon the generation of new and innovative ideas. See http://grad.buffalo.edu/Academics/Policies-Procedures/Academic-Integrity.html.
Accessibility resources: If you have any disability which requires reasonable accommodations to enable you to participate in this course, please contact the Office of Accessibility Resources in 60 Capen Hall, 645-2608 and also the instructor of this course during the first week of class. The office will provide you with information and review appropriate arrangements for reasonable accommodations, which can be found on the web here.
