Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 2022: Difference between revisions

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:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]


==Thursday March 3 2022 08.30 - 12.00 (4h) AI for Philosophers and Philosophy for Computer Scientists==
==Thursday March 3 2022 08.30 - 12.00 (4h) From the Turing test to the missing machine will==


:Room: A23
:Room: A23


[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Lugano-Mar3-2022 Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Lugano-Mar3-2022 Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/From-Turing-test-to-will Video]
 


'''An Introduction to AI for Philosophers'''
'''An Introduction to AI for Philosophers'''

Revision as of 17:16, 7 March 2022

Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith

MAP, USI, Lugano, Spring 2022

Much of the material for this class is derived from the book Why Machines Will Never Rule the Earth: Artificial Intelligence without Fear, currently in production with Routledge, co-authored by Landgrebe and Smith.

Jobst Landgrebe is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.

Barry Smith is one of the world's most widely cited philosophers. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data.

Draft Schedule

Tuesday March 1 2022 15.30 - 18.15 (3h): Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Room: A23
Announcement: Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Introduction to the class

Smith Slides
Landgrebe Slides
Audio


What is computation?

What is a language?

The Turing Test and the problem of natural language production

Readings:

John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: There is no Artificial General Intelligence
Announcement: Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Wednesday March 2 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) The human mind; animal, human and machine intelligence

Room: A23

Intelligence

Landgrebe Slides (start half way through)

Landgrebe-Mar2-Audio

Bibliography of Why Machines Will Never Rule the Earth

The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  

A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 

What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 

For consideration in Wednesday's session: to what extent can artificial intelligence be achieved? 

Readings:

Linda S. Gottfredson. Mainstream Science on Intelligence. In: Intelligence 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.
Slides
Video

The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?

To what extent can AI be achieved? 

Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

Readings:

Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: Making AI Meaningful Again

Thursday March 3 2022 08.30 - 12.00 (4h) From the Turing test to the missing machine will

Room: A23
Slides
Video


An Introduction to AI for Philosophers (AI experts are invited to criticize what I have to say here) Slides

An Introduction to Philosophy for Computer Scientists

Video
Slides

Monism and the mind-body-continuum

What is consciousness?

What is will?

Can machines have a will?

What is intentionality?

Reading: John McCarthy, "What has AI in common with philosophy?"

Tuesday May 17 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) AI Ethics - Why Not Robot Cops?

Slides
Video

What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?

Utilitarianism
Value ethics

On what basis should we build an AI ethics?

On why AI ethics is (a) impossible, (b) unnecessary

Readings:

Moor: Four kinds of ethical robots
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: No AI Ethics
Crane: The AI Ethics Hoax

Wednesday May 18 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Some Philosophical Questions About AI: Part 1

There Will Be No Singularity: A Survey of the Argument

The Dreyfus case against the possibility of AGI
The Landgrebe-Smith case against the possibility of AGI
Three Types of Impossibility: Technical, Physical, Mathematical
Structure of the book:
Part I: Properties of the Human Mind
Nomological materialistic monism
Alternative views on the mind-body problem
Human and machine intelligence
Capabilities
Primal intelligence
Objectifying intelligence
Definitions of intelligence in AI
The Legg-Hutter definition (see Feb. 24, above)
Defining useful machine intelligence
What is language?
Language and intentions
Speech as sensorimotor activity
Language and dialect change
The variance and complexity of human language
Reading: There Will Be No AGI
Conversation and contexts
Language production (explicit); language interpretation (implicit)
The Turing test
Context horizon
Social, spatial, temporal context
Conversation flow and interruptions
Social and ethical behaviour (see Feb. 26, above)
Can we build an AI by emulating the brain?
David Chalmers on Brain Emulation
Can we build an AI by some other method?
David Chalmers on Artificial Evolution
David J. Chalmers: The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis
David J. Chalmers: The Singularity: A Reply to Commentators

Thursday May 19 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Some Philosophical Questions About AI: Part 2

Monday May 23 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 1

The Limits of Mathematical Models
Models
All science requires mathematical models
Types of models 1: descriptive, explanatory, predictive
Types of models 2: qualitative, quantitative
All predictive models are quantitative
Synoptic models
Adequate models
Computability
All AI engineering requires mathematical models
Explicit and implicit mathematical models
Systems
System elements and system interactions
Systems are fiat entities: they are a product of delimitation
System boundaries
Relatively isolated systems
'The Limits and Potential of AI
Initial utterance production
Modelling dialogue dynamics mathematically
Mathematical models of human conversations
Current state-of-the-art in dialogue systems
Why conversation machines are doomed to fail
Chapter 11 Why machines will not master social interaction 224
No AI emulation of social behaviour
Some examples
No machine intersubjectivity
No machine social norms
AI and legal norms
No machine emulation of morality
No explicit ethical agents
No AGI in the kill chain

Tuesday May 24 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 2

AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
Preliminary Slides:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
Preliminary Slides
Complex systems
Comprehensive and partial models
The scope of extended Newtonian mathematics
Seven Properties of complex systems
Examples of complex systems
Human beings as complex systems
Complex systems of complex systems
Animate complex systems are organized and stable
Mathematical models of complex systems
Multivariate distributions
Adequate models for complex systems
Predictive models of complex systems
Why we ain’t rich
Example of a social fact
Approaches to complex system modelling
Naïve approaches
Consequences for AI applications
Refined approaches
Scaling
Explicit networks
Evolutionary process models
Entropy models
Complex system emulation requires complex systems
AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics
Preliminary Video

Wednesday May 25 2022 08.30-11.15 (3h) Concluding Survey

Student Presentations

Giacomo De Colle: Mind Embodied and Embedded
Rocco Felici: On Black Box Models in AI Ethics
Julius Schulte: Explainable AI: How Disciplines Talk Past Each Other
Gabriel Carraretto: Backpropagation and the Brain
Michele Damian: Performance vs. Competence in Human–Machine Comparisons

Course Description

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.

The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:

  • Can a computer have a conscious mind?
  • Can it have desires and emotions?
  • Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?

In addition, these developments make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:

  • What is personal identity? Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
  • What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
  • What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?

After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions following lectures by Drs Facchini and Smith and presentations of relevant papers by the students.

Further Background Reading

Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide
Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.