Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence 2023: Difference between revisions

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[https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/philosophy MAP, USI, Lugano], Spring 2023
[https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/philosophy MAP, USI, Lugano], Spring 2023


Much of the material for this class is derived from the book ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the Earth: Artificial Intelligence without Fear'', currently in production with Routledge, co-authored by Landgrebe and Smith.
'''Background'''
 
Much of the material for this class is derived from our book ''[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Why Machines Will Never Rule the World: Artificial Intelligence without Fear]'' (Routledge 2022). The March 1-2 sessions of the class will be accompanied by afternoon sessions devoted to a conference on the book.
 
[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Table of contents, first chapter and references]
 
'''Faculty'''


[https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe] is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.
[https://www.cognotekt.com/en/ Jobst Landgrebe] is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.


[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/ Barry Smith] is one of the world's most widely cited philosophers. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data.  
Barry Smith is one of the world's most [https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:metaphysics widely cited philosophers]. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data.
 
'''Course Description'''
 
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaFold have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.
 
The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:
 
*Can a computer have a conscious mind?
*Can a computer have desires, a will, and emotions?
*Can a computer have responsibility for its behavior
*Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?
 
In addition, new developments in the AI field make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:
 
*Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
*What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
*What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?
 
After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions. The class will close with presentations of papers on relevant topics given by students.


'''Draft Schedule'''


==Tuesday March 1 2022 15.30 - 18.15 (3h): Why Machines Will Never Rule the World ==


:Room: A23
'''Draft Schedule'''


:::Announcement: ''[https://www.routledge.com/Why-Machines-Will-Never-Rule-the-World-Artificial-Intelligence-without/Landgrebe-Smith/p/book/9781032309934 Why Machines Will Never Rule the World]''
==Tuesday, Feb 28 (15:30-18:00pm) Why machines will never rule the world ==


Introduction to the class
:Barry Smith: Overview of the arguments and introduction to the human mind.
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Lugano-Mar1 Smith Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Lugano-Mar1 Landgrebe Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Landgrebe-Mar1-Audio Audio]


:Room:


What is computation?
:::Announcement: ''[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/AI-Without-Fear Why Machines Will Never Rule the World]''


What is a language?
Introduction to the class


:The Turing Test and the problem of natural language production
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Introduction Smith Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Audio-Feb28 Smith Audio]


Readings:  
Readings:  
:John Searle: [https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/3413-searle-j-minds-brains-and-programs-1980.pdf  Minds, Brains, and Programs]  
:John Searle: [https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/3413-searle-j-minds-brains-and-programs-1980.pdf  Minds, Brains, and Programs]  
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There is no Artificial General Intelligence]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.05833.pdf There is no Artificial General Intelligence]
:::Announcement: ''[https://www.routledge.com/Why-Machines-Will-Never-Rule-the-World-Artificial-Intelligence-without/Landgrebe-Smith/p/book/9781032309934 Why Machines Will Never Rule the World]''
:Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
 
==Wednesday March 2 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (3h) The human mind; animal, human and machine intelligence==
 
:Room: A23


'''Intelligence'''
==Wednesday March 1 (9:30-12:00 noon): Artificial General Intelligence and Introduction to Stochastic AI ==


[https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Lugano-Mar1 Landgrebe Slides (start half way through)]
:Room:
'''Artificial General Intelligence'''


[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Mar2-Audio Landgrebe-Mar2-Audio]
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-March-1-2023 Landgrebe Slides]  


[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Bibliography-LandS Bibliography of ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the Earth'']
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Bibliography-LandS Bibliography of ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World'']


The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  
The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  
Line 52: Line 71:


What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 
What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 
For consideration in Wednesday's session: to what extent can ''artificial'' intelligence be achieved? 


Readings:
Readings:
:Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.
:Linda S. Gottfredson. [https://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1994WSJmainstream.pdf Mainstream Science on Intelligence]. In: ''Intelligence'' 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.


:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Hutter-Definition Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Hutter-Definition Slides from 2022]
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReoyoinaKUE Video]
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReoyoinaKUE Video from 2022]


'''The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence'''
'''The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence'''
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Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence
Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence
'''Theory of complex systems'''


Readings:  
Readings:  
:Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence]
:Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: [https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3329 Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.02918.pdf Making AI Meaningful Again]
:S. Thurner et al. (2018): Introduction to the theory of complex systems (Oxford):
==<span style="background:#ffff00">Wednesday March 1 (14:30-18:00): Part 1 of Conference on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''==
<span style="background:#ffff00">14:30 – 14:45 Welcome
<span style="background:#ffff00">14:45 – 15:15 Barry Smith (Buffalo, USI): Summary of the Book
<span style="background:#ffff00">[https://buffalo.box.com/s/viaendr1zcnvslqqki029mwu4ne6drzu Smith Slides]


==Thursday March 3 2022 08.30 - 12.00 (4h) From the Turing test to the missing machine will==
<span style="background:#ffff00">[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-Workshop-Lugano Landgrebe Slides]


:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Smith-Lugano-Mar3-2022 Slides]
<span style="background:#ffff00">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6DA4EcsLm8 Video of Opening Presentation by Landgrebe and Smith]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/From-Turing-test-to-will Video]


The Turing test
<span style="background:#ffff00">15:15 – 15:30 Jobst Landgrebe (Buffalo, USI) "The Core Mathematical Argument"


What is consciousness?
<span style="background:#ffff00">15:30 –16:00 Landgrebe: "Large Language Models (Galactica, ChatGPT)", Smith: "ChatGPT heuristics" ([https://buffalo.box.com/v/ChatGPT-Hallucinations Examples of ChatGPT hallucinations])


What is will?
<span style="background:#ffff00">16:00 – 16:15 Q&A


Can machines have a will?
<span style="background:#ffff00">16:15 – 16:30 Coffee Break


==Tuesday May 17 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (A23, 3h) AI Ethics - Why Not Robot Cops?==
<span style="background:#ffff00">16:30 – 18:00 Tim Crane (CEU, Vienna) “Is Artificial General Intelligence Possible?”</span>


Why no Robot Cops?
==Thursday, March 2 (9:30-12:00 noon): Language and Natural Intelligence ==
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Why-no-robot-cops Slides]


Could a machine have goals?
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Landgrebe-March-1-2023 Landgrebe Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/could-a-machine-have-goals Slides]


:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Lugano-May16-2022 Video]
Language Structure and Language Economy (Landgrebe)


'''Questions'''
Large Language Models (Landgrebe)


What is the basis of ethics as applied to humans?
Natural Intelligence (Landgrebe)
:Utilitarianism
:Value ethics
On what basis should we build an AI ethics?


AI ethics is (a) impossible? (b) unnecessary?
==<span style="background:#ffff00">Thursday March 2 (14:00-18:00): Part 2 of Conference on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''</span>==


Readings:
<span style="background:#ffff00">14:30 – 16:00 Emma Tieffenbach (USI, Zürich) “Making Sense of Singularity”
:Moor: [https://philosophynow.org/issues/72/Four_Kinds_of_Ethical_Robots Four kinds of ethical robots]
 
:Crane: [https://iai.tv/articles/the-ai-ethics-hoax-auid-1762?_auid=2020 The AI Ethics Hoax]
<span style="background:#ffff00">16:00 – 16:15 Coffee Break


==Wednesday May 18 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (A23, 3h) Digital Immortality==
<span style="background:#ffff00">16:15 – 17:45 Stefan Wolf (USI) “agAInst”


Jobs for Philosophers
<span style="background:#ffff00">17:45 – 18:15 Concluding replies by Jobst Landgrebe & Barry Smith
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Jobs-for-philosophers-2022 Slides]


Digital Immortality
==Friday, March 3 (13:30 - 16:00pm) Digital Immortality and the Meaning of Life==
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Digital-Immortality-2022 Slides]


The Meaning of Life
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Digital-Immortality-2023 Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Meaning-of-life Slides]


==Thursday May 19 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (A23, 3h) Intelligence and Other Capabilities ==
==Tuesday, May 9 (15:30 - 18:00pm) The Human Will; and the Limits of AI ==


Capabilities, or: What do IQ tests measure?
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/The-Human-Will Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/What-do-IQ-tests-2022 Slides]


Is Psychology Finished?
Simple and complex systems
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Is-Psychology-Finished? Slides]


==Monday May 23 2022 08.30 - 11.15 (A23, 3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 1==
The human will


The missing machine will


Consequences for the limits of AI


:'''The Limits of Mathematical Models'''
Preliminary Remarks on ChatGPT and other Large Language Models
<!-- This is a comment
:The Limits of Mathematical Models and the Limits of AI
:[https://buffalo.box.com/s/xnmc8zi1btpnku365bysxmowcgk99epd Slides]
:[https://buffalo.box.com/s/xnmc8zi1btpnku365bysxmowcgk99epd Slides]


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:::System boundaries
:::System boundaries
:::Relatively isolated systems
:::Relatively isolated systems
:'''The Limits and Potential of AI''
::'''The Limits and Potential of AI'''
<!-- Intentions and drivenness
:::Intentions and drivenness
No emulation of animate drivenness
:::No emulation of animate drivenness
Consciousness
Searle’s wall
The Lucas-Penrose argument against machine consciousness
Bringsjord’s defence of machine consciousness
Other approaches in philosophy of mind, computation and AI
Computational theory of the mind
Objectifying intelligence and theoretical thinking
::Why machines will not master human language
:::Neural Machine Translation
:::Human language as a complex system
:::Properties of the language system
:::AI conversation emulation
:::Challenges to machine conversation-->
:::Initial utterance production
:Modelling dialogue dynamics mathematically
::Mathematical models of human conversations
::Current state-of-the-art in dialogue systems
::Why conversation machines are doomed to fail
:Chapter 11  Why machines will not master social interaction 224
::No AI emulation of social behaviour
::Some examples
::No machine intersubjectivity
::No machine social norms
::AI and legal norms
::No machine emulation of morality
::No explicit ethical agents
::No AGI  in the kill chain
 
==Tuesday May 24 2022 13.30 - 16.15 (A23, 3h) Logic and Complex Systems: Part 2 ==
 
:AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems
:[https://buffalo.box.com/s/xnmc8zi1btpnku365bysxmowcgk99epd Slides]


:'''AI and the Mathematics of Complex Systems'''
::[https://buffalo.box.com/s/xnmc8zi1btpnku365bysxmowcgk99epd Slides]
::Bayesian networks
::Bayesian networks
::Complex systems
::Complex systems
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::::Why we ain’t rich
::::Why we ain’t rich
:::::Example of a social fact
:::::Example of a social fact
::Approaches to complex system modelling
::'''Approaches to complex system modelling'''
:::Naïve approaches
:::Naïve approaches
:::Consequences for AI applications
:::Consequences for AI applications
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::::Entropy models
::::Entropy models
:::Complex system emulation requires complex systems
:::Complex system emulation requires complex systems
:AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics
:'''AI and the Ontology of Power, Social Interaction and Ethics'''
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBS8ueyz4 Preliminary Video]
:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiBBS8ueyz4 Preliminary Video] -->
 
==Wednesday, May 10 (9:30 - 13:00) Quantum Computation 1 ==


'''Student Presentations'''
1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability
:Chris Redden: "[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1tH1F5fuCKrIj6L6jsBL2-Oh2yTby_zqiTUzygsjVIRU/edit?usp=sharing_eil_m&invite=CPG048oD&ts=628cd264 Making AI Meaningful Again]"
:Dimitrios Galanis: "[https://buffalo.box.com/s/kam229g9v2ba86tw45wr3zl8vk7ut5lj Searle, Aristotle, and the Mind-Body Problem]"


==Wednesday May 25 2022 08.30-11.15 (A23, 3h) Student Presentations and Concluding Survey==
2. Classical logic-gate based computation: binary logic of computers, registers, logic gates and circuits, examples of circuits


'''[https://buffalo.box.com/s/uikip0o09cwwj13ykwdfm2vka3ht5cql Files]'''
3. Quantum mechanics: superposition, double slit, uncertainty, Stern-Gerlach, Hamiltonian, Hilbert space
'''Student Presentations'''
 
:08:35 Shahrzad Ajoudi: Chalmers, "The Virtual and the Real"
Source: Nielsen and Chuang, ''[https://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/cs837-19spring/QC-textbook.pdf Quantum Computation and Quantum Information]''
:08:50 Federico Spaletti: Clark and Chalmers, "The Extended Mind"
 
:09:05 Matteo Andre: Searle: "Minds, Brains, and Programs"
[https://youtu.be/_mvoS_H_kA8 Video]
:09:20 Alberto Carrascon: Anderson et al.: "Artificial Life and the Chinese Room Argument"
 
:09:35 Zechen Wu: Aaronson: "The Ghost in the Quantum Turing Machine"
[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Quantum-Computing-1 Slides for Parts 1 and 2]
:09:50 '''Break'''
 
:10:00 Tyson Elenko: Boden: "Creativity and AI"
==Thursday, May 11 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Quantum Computation 2 ==
:10:15 Simon Spaeth: Chalmers: "Subsymbolic Computation and the Chinese Room"
 
:10:30 Guanyu Chen: Boden: "Autonomy and Artificiality"
Continues Wednesday's lecture:
:10:45 Gerit Tänzer: "VUCA"
 
4. Quantum computing: quantum bits, registers, quantum gates, simple quantum algorithm, quantum error (correction), future of quantum computing
 
5. Philosophical interpretation of quantum computing
 
6. Why quantum computers are Turing machines
 
Mikhail Dyakonov, ''[https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-case-against-quantum-computing The Case Against Quantum Computing]''
 
[https://youtu.be/BB89YcLeAko Video]
 
==Tuesday May 16 (15:30 - 18:00pm): The Nature of Intelligence: Humans vs. ChatGPT ==
 
Human and machine intelligence
 
Can ChatGPT become intelligent?
 
Are Large Language Models a threat to humanity?
 
Capabilities, or: What do IQ tests measure?
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/What-do-IQ-tests-2022 Slides]
 
Is Psychology Finished?
:[https://buffalo.box.com/v/Is-Psychology-Finished? Slides]
 
==Wednesday May 17 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Student Presentations and Concluding Survey==
 
:'''Student Presentations'''
 
Aaron Wirt: Politics and Digital Technologies
 
Sven Eichholtz: A Critique of Cross-modal Vector Space Alignment for Capturing Referential Semantics
 
Jahmaira Archbold: AI to Understand Animal Communication
 
​David Alarcon and ​Davide Casnici: I​n Turing's and Gödel's Shadows: The Inaccessible Horizons of Artificial Intelligence
 
Qianbo Zang: Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?
 
==Background Reading==


'''An Introduction to AI for Philosophers'''
'''An Introduction to AI for Philosophers'''
Line 242: Line 272:
(Philosophers are invited to criticize what I have to say here)
(Philosophers are invited to criticize what I have to say here)


Reading:
'''[https://www.cp.eng.chula.ac.th/~prabhas/teaching/cbs-it-seminar/2012/aiphil-mccarthy.pdf John McCarthy, "What has AI in common with philosophy?"]
'''[https://www.cp.eng.chula.ac.th/~prabhas/teaching/cbs-it-seminar/2012/aiphil-mccarthy.pdf John McCarthy, "What has AI in common with philosophy?"]
==Course Description==
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterised as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaGo have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.
The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:
*Can a computer have a conscious mind?
*Can it have desires and emotions?
*Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?
In addition, these developments make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:
*What is personal identity? Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
*What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
*What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?
After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions following lectures by Drs Facchini and Smith and presentations of relevant papers by the students.
''Further Background Reading''
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209181112/https://jordanbpeterson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Essay_Writing_Guide.docx Jordan Peterson's Essay Writing Guide]
:Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Latest revision as of 22:00, 15 November 2023

Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith

MAP, USI, Lugano, Spring 2023

Background

Much of the material for this class is derived from our book Why Machines Will Never Rule the World: Artificial Intelligence without Fear (Routledge 2022). The March 1-2 sessions of the class will be accompanied by afternoon sessions devoted to a conference on the book.

Table of contents, first chapter and references

Faculty

Jobst Landgrebe is the founder and CEO of Cognotekt, GmBH, an AI company based in Cologne specialised in the design and implementation of holistic AI solutions. He has 17 years experience in the AI field, 8 years as a management consultant and software architect. He has also worked as a physician and mathematician.

Barry Smith is one of the world's most widely cited philosophers. He has contributed primarily to the field of applied ontology, which means applying philosophical ideas derived from analytical metaphysics to the concrete practical problems which arise where attempts are made to compare or combine heterogeneous bodies of data.

Course Description

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent. On the strong version, the ultimate goal of AI is to create an artificial system that is as intelligent as a human being. Recent striking successes such as AlphaFold have convinced many not only that this objective is obtainable but also that in a not too distant future machines will become even more intelligent than human beings.

The actual and possible developments in AI open up a series of striking questions such as:

  • Can a computer have a conscious mind?
  • Can a computer have desires, a will, and emotions?
  • Can a computer have responsibility for its behavior
  • Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?

In addition, new developments in the AI field make it possible for us to consider a series of philosophical questions in a new light, including:

  • Could a machine have something like a personal identity? Would I really survive if the contents of my brain were uploaded to the cloud?
  • What is it for a human to behave in an ethical manner? (Could there be something like machine ethics? Could machines used in fighting wars be programmed to behave ethically?)
  • What is a meaningful life? If routine, meaningless work in the future is performed entirely by machines, will this make possible new sorts of meaningful lives on the part of humans?

After introducing the relevant ideas and tools from both AI and philosophy, all the aforementioned questions will be thoroughly addressed in class discussions. The class will close with presentations of papers on relevant topics given by students.


Draft Schedule

Tuesday, Feb 28 (15:30-18:00pm) Why machines will never rule the world

Barry Smith: Overview of the arguments and introduction to the human mind.
Room:
Announcement: Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Introduction to the class

Smith Slides
Smith Audio

Readings:

John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: There is no Artificial General Intelligence
Max More and Natasha Vita-More (Eds.), The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Wednesday March 1 (9:30-12:00 noon): Artificial General Intelligence and Introduction to Stochastic AI

Room:

Artificial General Intelligence

Landgrebe Slides

Bibliography of Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

The classical psychological definitions of intelligence are:  

A. the ability to adapt to new situations (applies both to humans and to animals) 
B. a very general mental capability (possessed only by humans) that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience 

What are the essential marks of human intelligence? 

Readings:

Linda S. Gottfredson. Mainstream Science on Intelligence. In: Intelligence 24 (1997), pp. 13–23.
Slides from 2022
Video from 2022

The Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

What is it that researchers and engineers are trying to do when they talk of achieving ‘Artificial Intelligence’?

To what extent can AI be achieved? 

Problems with the Legg-Hutter Definition of Intelligence

Theory of complex systems

Readings:

Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter: Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence
Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith: Making AI Meaningful Again
S. Thurner et al. (2018): Introduction to the theory of complex systems (Oxford):

Wednesday March 1 (14:30-18:00): Part 1 of Conference on Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

14:30 – 14:45 Welcome

14:45 – 15:15 Barry Smith (Buffalo, USI): Summary of the Book

Smith Slides

Landgrebe Slides

Video of Opening Presentation by Landgrebe and Smith

15:15 – 15:30 Jobst Landgrebe (Buffalo, USI) "The Core Mathematical Argument"

15:30 –16:00 Landgrebe: "Large Language Models (Galactica, ChatGPT)", Smith: "ChatGPT heuristics" (Examples of ChatGPT hallucinations)

16:00 – 16:15 Q&A

16:15 – 16:30 Coffee Break

16:30 – 18:00 Tim Crane (CEU, Vienna) “Is Artificial General Intelligence Possible?”

Thursday, March 2 (9:30-12:00 noon): Language and Natural Intelligence

Landgrebe Slides

Language Structure and Language Economy (Landgrebe)

Large Language Models (Landgrebe)

Natural Intelligence (Landgrebe)

Thursday March 2 (14:00-18:00): Part 2 of Conference on Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

14:30 – 16:00 Emma Tieffenbach (USI, Zürich) “Making Sense of Singularity”

16:00 – 16:15 Coffee Break

16:15 – 17:45 Stefan Wolf (USI) “agAInst”

17:45 – 18:15 Concluding replies by Jobst Landgrebe & Barry Smith

Friday, March 3 (13:30 - 16:00pm) Digital Immortality and the Meaning of Life

Slides

Tuesday, May 9 (15:30 - 18:00pm) The Human Will; and the Limits of AI

Slides

Simple and complex systems

The human will

The missing machine will

Consequences for the limits of AI

Preliminary Remarks on ChatGPT and other Large Language Models

Wednesday, May 10 (9:30 - 13:00) Quantum Computation 1

1. Introduction to the theory of computation and of Turing machines: What is a Turing machine?, Turing machine elements and structure, example of a Turing machine, recursive functions, non-recursive functions, Church-Turing computability

2. Classical logic-gate based computation: binary logic of computers, registers, logic gates and circuits, examples of circuits

3. Quantum mechanics: superposition, double slit, uncertainty, Stern-Gerlach, Hamiltonian, Hilbert space

Source: Nielsen and Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

Video

Slides for Parts 1 and 2

Thursday, May 11 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Quantum Computation 2

Continues Wednesday's lecture:

4. Quantum computing: quantum bits, registers, quantum gates, simple quantum algorithm, quantum error (correction), future of quantum computing

5. Philosophical interpretation of quantum computing

6. Why quantum computers are Turing machines

Mikhail Dyakonov, The Case Against Quantum Computing

Video

Tuesday May 16 (15:30 - 18:00pm): The Nature of Intelligence: Humans vs. ChatGPT

Human and machine intelligence

Can ChatGPT become intelligent?

Are Large Language Models a threat to humanity?

Capabilities, or: What do IQ tests measure?

Slides

Is Psychology Finished?

Slides

Wednesday May 17 (9:30 - 12:00 noon) Student Presentations and Concluding Survey

Student Presentations

Aaron Wirt: Politics and Digital Technologies

Sven Eichholtz: A Critique of Cross-modal Vector Space Alignment for Capturing Referential Semantics

Jahmaira Archbold: AI to Understand Animal Communication

​David Alarcon and ​Davide Casnici: I​n Turing's and Gödel's Shadows: The Inaccessible Horizons of Artificial Intelligence

Qianbo Zang: Would machine intelligence, if there is such a thing, be something comparable to human intelligence or something quite different?

Background Reading

An Introduction to AI for Philosophers

Video
Slides

(AI experts are invited to criticize what I have to say here)

An Introduction to Philosophy for Computer Scientists

Video
Slides

(Philosophers are invited to criticize what I have to say here)

John McCarthy, "What has AI in common with philosophy?"

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