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The goal of the National Center for Ontological Research is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense. | The goal of the [https://ubwp.buffalo.edu/ncor/ National Center for Ontological Research] is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense. | ||
==Events== | == Events == | ||
''' | See '''[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Newsevents here]''' | ||
: | For '''past events''' see [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Past_Events here] | ||
For Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT) see [https://urbandatacentre.ca/boat] | |||
==News== | |||
[http://www.techguide.org/barry-smith Techguide Podcast], Careers in Tech for non-STEM students, October 30, 2024 | |||
[https://apablog.substack.com/p/commercializing-ontology-lucrative APA Blog interview with Barry Smith and John Beverley], October 4, 2024. | |||
[https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2024/02/department-of-defense-ontology.html DOD, Intelligence Community adopt resource developed by UB ontologists], Bert Gambini, UBNow, February 29, 2024. | |||
: | [https://bnnbreaking.com/world/us/us-defense-and-intelligence-to-adopt-bfo-and-cco-standards-for-enhanced-data-management U.S. Defense and Intelligence to Adopt BFO and CCO Standards for Enhanced Data Management],Shivani Chauhan, 28 Feb 2024. | ||
: | [https://buffalo.app.box.com/v/KI-und-Philosophie Article on BFO in the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'', September 28, 2022, p. N3]. Translation of opening paragraph: | ||
:Industry standards are not usually associated with philosophy or the humanities. That is why the new ISO/IEC 21838 standard conceals a minor scientific-historical sensation. Because for the first time, a philosophical theory has now been declared an industry standard, namely: the "Basic Formal Ontology", BFO for short. When you try to pronounce this acronym, it sounds a lot like "Buffalo," and that's no coincidence. Because Barry Smith, the main brain behind this norm, is the Julian Park Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buffalo in northern New York State, not far from Niagara Falls ... | |||
:For full text see [https://buffalo.box.com/v/KI-und-Philosophie here]. | |||
-- | [https://blog.apaonline.org/2022/09/15/careers-in-ontology-an-interview-with-professor-barry-smith/ Interview with Barry Smith on '''Careers in Ontology'''], September 15, 2022 | ||
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[[Interviews and podcasts on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World'']] | |||
[https://www.routledge.com/9781032309934 New book on limits of AI published], August 12, 2022. | |||
-- | [https://www.dpaonthenet.net/article/192369/Machines-ruling-the-world--Impossible--say-researchers.aspx Machines ruling the world? Impossible, say researchers] | ||
---- | |||
- | [https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R35NHUZZQN8226?ref=pf_vv_at_pdctrvw_srp This will totally blow your mind] | ||
[https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2022/04/0290.html UB professor’s ontology work recognized in an international standard], April 29, 2022. | |||
[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/oagi-and-iof-agree-to-produce-industrial-ontologies-301231565.html Press release on launch of Industrial Ontologies Foundry], February 19, 2021. | |||
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[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0giPMMoKR9s Video recording of talk by Barry Smith on "Defining Intelligence"], February 17, 2021 | |||
[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/oagi-and-iof-agree-to-produce-industrial-ontologies-301231565.html Press-release launching the new Industrial Ontologies Foundry], February 19, 2021 | |||
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[https://ncor-brasil.org/about/ NCOR-Brasil] established, December 1, 2020 | |||
: | [http://medicine.buffalo.edu/news_and_events/news/2020/07/smith-ontology-covid-11561.html Using Ontology as Powerful Weapon in COVID-19 Fight], July 14, 2020 | ||
: | [http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2020/06/016.html Leveraging a powerful weapon in the fight against COVID-19 — ontology], June 10, 2020 | ||
: | [http://www.buffalo.edu/ubnow/campus.host.html/content/shared/university/news/ub-reporter-articles/stories/2018/04/smith-capabilities-workshop.detail.html UB workshop to address human and machine capabilities], April 20, 2018 | ||
[https://www.buffalo.edu/ctsi/ctsi-news.host.html/content/shared/www/ctsi/articles/academic_articles/working-group-seeks-to-extend-the-depth-and-functionality-of-bio.detail.html Working group seeks to extend the depth and functionality of biomedical ontologies], October 14, 2017 | |||
: | [http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/philosophy/news/latestnews/2016-win-ontology.html Barry Smith wins 2016 IAOA Ontology Competition], August 18, 2016 | ||
[https://medicine.buffalo.edu/news_and_events/news.host.html/content/shared/smbs/news/2016/01/jensen-doctoral-un-5573.detail.html Doctoral Candidate Invited to Work on United Nations Project], January 4, 2016 | |||
[http:// | [http://xbrl.squarespace.com/journal/2013/2/23/advantages-of-financial-report-ontology-in-accounting-resear.html Advantages of the Financial Report Ontology in Accounting Research], February 23, 2013 | ||
[http:// | [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/IMMPORT/UB-Press-Release-2013.pdf UB Ontologists Win Bioinformatics Integration Award to Support National Institutes of Health] | ||
[[Announcing Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Affinity Group]] | |||
[http://www. | [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120820161058.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+(ScienceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News) Information Overload in the Era of Big Data] | ||
[http://www. | [http://www.kurzweilai.net/botanists-building-ontologies-to-cope-with-information-overload Botanists building ontologies to cope with information overload] | ||
[ | [[UB Applied Informatics Portal]] unveiled. | ||
== | ==[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Education Education]== | ||
[[Ontology 101]] | |||
==Online Courses== | |||
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Education Barry Smith] | |||
[http://www.referent-tracking.com/RTU/ceusters_vita.html#teaching Werner Ceusters] | |||
==Defining 'Ontology'== | |||
An ontology is a representation of some part of reality, (e.g. medicine, social reality, physics, etc.). Smith states that: “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality…Ontology seeks to provide a definitive and exhaustive classification of entities in all spheres of being.” To be an accurate representation of reality an ontology includes the types of entities and events in a given domain (along with their definitions) arranged in a hierarchical structure, along with relations (such as part-of, depends-on, caused-by, etc. where necessary). Ontologies enable the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain by providing a common controlled vocabulary for doctrine writers, IT Developers, and war-fighters alike, thereby allowing these disparate communities to communicate with each other. An ontology should be a shared resource between communities, and its continued collaborative development should support the integration of information and facilitate knowledge discovery. These two goals are realized by ensuring wide dissemination of the ontology, so that it will be used by many stakeholders, and its terms will be correspondingly familiar and readily used for search. | |||
== Basic Formal Ontology 2.0 == | |||
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Basic_Formal_Ontology_2.0 Basic Formal Ontology 2.0] | |||
== Basic Formal Ontology 2020 == | |||
: | [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO_2020 BFO 2020] | ||
==Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT)== | |||
: | *[https://urbandatacentre.ca/boat BoaT Home Page] | ||
*[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_Day_(with_visitors_from_Toronto),_October_24,_2022 Inaugural meeting, October 24, 2022] | |||
: | *[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/List_of_Toronto_ontology_contributions_(as_of_November_1,_2022 University of Toronto ontologies] | ||
*[https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Basic_Formal_Ontology_Summit_Meeting BFO Summit Meeting, May 23-25, 2023] Includes UB-Toronto-DHS session on government ontologies] | |||
==Why Machines Will Never Rule the World== | |||
See [https://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Why_Machines here] | |||
''' | '''Press Items and Notices''' | ||
''' | [https://www.futurity.org/artificial-intelligence-ai-2789642-2/ '''AI is cool, but will never reach human capability'''], Bert Gambini, August 25, 2022 | ||
'''[ | [https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/why-ai-will-never-rule-the-world/ Why AI will never rule the world] '''Interview by Luke Dormehl on Digital Trends''', September 25, 2022 [https://buffalo.box.com/v/Digital-trends-revised (Recording)] | ||
[https://calendar.buffalo.edu/event/iad-distinguished-speaker-series--why-machines-will-never-rule-the-world/ UB Lecture], September 20, 2022 | |||
[https://philpapers.org/rec/SOLLAN L’intelligenza artificiale non dominerà il mondo], interview with Barry Smith, ''Il sole de 24 ore'', April 27, 2024. | |||
==The Philosophome== | |||
[http://ontology.buffalo.edu/philosophome/index_files/philosophome.html Philosophome Website] | |||
[[Philosophome | Philosophome Wiki]] | |||
==Semantics of Biodiversity== | |||
Paper: [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089606 Semantics in Support of Biodiversity Knowledge Discovery (PLoS ONE, 2013)] | |||
Video Presentations from: [http://biocodecommons.org/workshops/sob.html Semantics of Biodiversity Workshop (2012)] | |||
: | |||
: | |||
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrHYi7mgF9g Ontologies as a method of viewing data] | |||
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fot1dOPLv_c Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)] | |||
: | |||
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWy3C0WmpZM How to build an ontology with BFO] | |||
:[http:// | |||
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaG92j0WqmI Tracking referents with Instance Unique Identifiers (IUIs)] | |||
: | |||
::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHP0Dlk5wuo Tracking Changes in Our Understanding of Reality: Reality vs. Beliefs] | |||
: | |||
: | |||
[ | ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Of6bj28MQhY Darwin Core (DwC) and Basic Formal Ontology: Putting it All Together] | ||
:::Building Darwin Core top-down in BFO | |||
:::Organisms, photographs, media | |||
:::How to re-use ontologies | |||
:::Principles of singular nouns, secondary use, understandability | |||
:::Writing good definitions (DwC Examples) | |||
:::Management strategies | |||
:::Ontologies for reuse (BFO, EnvO, IDO, OBI, Plant Ontology , Uberon, IAO) | |||
:::Educational resources (OBI, Protege, BFO) | |||
==Finance and Economics== | |||
[ | [http://www.slideshare.net/BarrySmith3/an-application-of-bfo-to-services An Application of Basic Formal Ontology to the Ontology of Services and Commodities], Institute for Business Informatics, University of Koblenz, Germany July 23, 2013 | ||
[ | Barry Smith, [http://www.slideshare.net/BarrySmith3/2012-fima-talk Reference Data Integration: A Strategy for the Future], Financial Reference Data Management Conference (FIMA), New York, March 2012 | ||
''The Wernicke Ontology Principle'' | |||
Wernicke is an ontology-dependent AI system used to automate recurring business processes. Wernicke is based on formal logic developed by Jobst Landgrebe and co-workers at Cognotekt. Its ontologies do not have an Aristotelian taxonomic structure, but are fully axiomatised and logically describe the syntactic structure of recurring language patterns in the Prolog-subset of first order logic. The use of terms in two or more axiomatic definitions of ontological entities creates an implicit network structure within the ontology. | |||
Examples (in German) | |||
1. Implication relations for verbs and verb phrases. (There are hundreds of examples of such formulae in each Wernicke ontology.) | |||
((zahlung(Y) AND nachkommen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) | |||
((geld(Y) AND schicken(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y1))) IMPL zahlen(Z)) | |||
((kosten(Y) AND tragen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) | |||
((überweisungsträger(Y) AND einwerfen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) | |||
((bringen(Z) AND ausgleich(A) AND zum(B) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) | |||
((möglich(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND sein(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y))) IMPL möglichsein(Z)) | |||
((bitten(Z) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND möglichkeit(A) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL möglichsein(Z)) | |||
2. Temporal structures | |||
((übermorgen(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) | |||
((morgen(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) | |||
((heute(W) AND (Y=0)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) | |||
((gestern(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen)) | |||
((vorgestern(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen)) | |||
3. Domain pattern formulae (ontologic entities) | |||
past payment a: ((zahlung(X) OR geld(X)) AND rausgehen(Z) AND (I=vergangen) AND verb(Z,X) AND vergangentemp(Z)) | |||
past payment b: ((zahlung(Y) AND tätigen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y) AND (I=vergangen) AND vergangentemp(Z)) | |||
past payment c: ((sein(Z) AND (betrag(X) OR forderung(X)) AND zahlen(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND (I=vergangen) | |||
AND verb(Z,X) AND NOT temp_mod(Z, praet, konj2) | |||
== Information Ontology== | |||
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/BFO-Based_Data_and_Information_Ontologies BFO-based data and information ontologies] | |||
==Military and Intelligence Ontology== | |||
[ | [[Common Core Ontologies]] | ||
[[ | JFCOM: [[Semantic Web and Joint Training]] (2010) | ||
[[ | I2WD: Semantic Enhancement for DSGS-A: [[Distributed Development of a Shared Semantic Resource]] (2012-13) | ||
= | I2WD: [http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2298761 PED Fusion via Enterprise Ontology] | ||
[ | [http://ncor.buffalo.edu/ontologies/AIRS_Ontologies.pdf Common Core Ontologies (preliminary statement)] | ||
[[ | [[Joint Doctrine Ontology]] | ||
[ | [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_the_Navy_SYSCOMs_Systems_Engineering_Transformation_Process Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering] | ||
== Ontology of Planning == | |||
[ | [[Ontology of Planning]] | ||
== Ontology of Engineering == | |||
[[BFO-Based Engineering Ontologies]] | |||
[https://s3.amazonaws.com/ontologforum/OntologySummit2016/2016-03-17_Engineering/Reference-Ontology-for-Manufacturing--BobYoung_20160317.pdf Bob Young: Towards a Reference Ontology for Manufacturing] (2016) | |||
[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/sUe6G9RNtb7tgjQtgtkC/full Interoperable Manufacturing Knowledge Systems] (2017) | |||
[[Ontology of Engineering]] | |||
[http:// | [http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Ontology_and_the_Navy_SYSCOMs_Systems_Engineering_Transformation_Process Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering] | ||
[[ | [[Product Life Cycle Ontologies]] | ||
[[Modeling and Simulation]] | |||
[[Systems Engineering Bootcamp]] | |||
== Materials Ontology == | |||
'''[http://datascience.codata.org/articles/abstract/10.2481/dsj.5.52/ Toshihiro Ashino and Mitsutane Fujita: Definition of a Web Ontology for Design-Oriented Material Selection] (2006)''' | |||
::[http:// | :[http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.html Steel Industry Ontology] / [http://ontorule-project.eu/resources/steel.owl .owl file] | ||
:[http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-886/paper_1.pdf A Systematic Approach to Developing Ontologies for Manufacturing Service Modeling] | |||
---- | |||
[[Buffalo Engineering Ontology]] | |||
== Ontology for Clinical and Translational Science == | |||
[[Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Group]] | |||
[ | [[Infectious Disease Ontology]] | ||
[http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Immunology_Ontologies Immunology Ontologies] | |||
== | == Microbiome Ontology == | ||
'''Ontology''' | |||
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535841/ Improved Gene Ontology Annotation for Biofilm Formation, Filamentous Growth, and Phenotypic Switching in Candida albicans] | |||
[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199382514.001.0001/acprof-9780199382514-chapter-7 What Biofilms Can Teach Us about Individuality] | |||
[ | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1532046415000507/1-s2.0-S1532046415000507-main.pdf?_tid=ca8ad71a-c168-11e7-b687-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1509804327_c9962782780a7f2935bfc9140684d5c0 MorphoCol: An ontology-based knowledgebase for the characterisation of clinically significant bacterial colony morphologies] | ||
[ | [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1024.59&rep=rep1&type=pdf Designing an Ontology Tool for the Unification of Biofilms Data] | ||
[http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/empo/ Eearth Microbiome Project Ontlogy EMPO] | |||
'''The Human Microbiome''' | |||
[http://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X(14)00023-7 Functional and phylogenetic assembly of microbial communities in the human microbiome] | |||
[http://www.cmaj.ca/content/187/11/825.short#sec-2 The human microbiome], including as appendix: [http://www.cmaj.ca/content/suppl/2015/05/19/cmaj.141072.DC1/14-1072-1-at.pdf A microbiome glossary] | |||
[ | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426293/ Defining the Human Microbiome] | ||
[ | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/08/16/176784 MicrobiomeDB: a systems biology platform for integrating, mining and analyzing microbiome experiments] | ||
[ | [https://hmpdacc.org Human Microbiome Project] | ||
[http://muse.jhu.edu/article/564608/pdf Parts and Wholes: The Human Microbiome, Ecological Ontology, and the Challenges of Community] | |||
''' | '''Microbiomes and the external environment''' | ||
:[http://www. | [http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/ The Earth Microbiome] | ||
:[http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/protocols-and-standards/empo/ Earth Microbiome Project Ontology:EMPO] | |||
[https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature24621.html A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity] | |||
[http://metasub.org/ MetaSUB: Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways & Urban Biome] | |||
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305737/ Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant] | |||
http://metasub.org/ | |||
'''Varia''' | |||
[ | [http://www.frontiersinai.com/turingfiles/July/12.pdf#page=9 Collective bio-molecular processes: The hidden ontology of systems biology] | ||
[ | [https://academic.oup.com/bib/article/doi/10.1093/bib/bbx120/4210288/A-review-of-methods-and-databases-for-metagenomic A review of methods and databases for metagenomic classification and assembly] | ||
== Suggested Reading == | == Suggested Reading == | ||
| Line 362: | Line 313: | ||
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkQG1_gsXtc War-Fighter Ontology] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkQG1_gsXtc War-Fighter Ontology] | ||
==Studying Ontology in Buffalo== | |||
[http://www.philosophy.buffalo.edu/graduate/areas_of_study/phd/ Areas of Study] | |||
[http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2011_02_11/caredit.a1100012 Careers in ontology] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:43, 2 November 2024
The goal of the National Center for Ontological Research is to advance ontological investigation within the United States. NCOR serves as a vehicle to coordinate, to enhance, to publicize, and to seek funding for ontological research activities. It lays a special focus on ontology training and on the establishment of tools and measures for quality assurance of ontologies. NCOR provides ontology services to multiple organizations, including the US Department of Defense.
Events
See here
For past events see here
For Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT) see [1]
News
Techguide Podcast, Careers in Tech for non-STEM students, October 30, 2024
APA Blog interview with Barry Smith and John Beverley, October 4, 2024.
DOD, Intelligence Community adopt resource developed by UB ontologists, Bert Gambini, UBNow, February 29, 2024.
U.S. Defense and Intelligence to Adopt BFO and CCO Standards for Enhanced Data Management,Shivani Chauhan, 28 Feb 2024.
Article on BFO in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 28, 2022, p. N3. Translation of opening paragraph:
- Industry standards are not usually associated with philosophy or the humanities. That is why the new ISO/IEC 21838 standard conceals a minor scientific-historical sensation. Because for the first time, a philosophical theory has now been declared an industry standard, namely: the "Basic Formal Ontology", BFO for short. When you try to pronounce this acronym, it sounds a lot like "Buffalo," and that's no coincidence. Because Barry Smith, the main brain behind this norm, is the Julian Park Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buffalo in northern New York State, not far from Niagara Falls ...
- For full text see here.
Interview with Barry Smith on Careers in Ontology, September 15, 2022
Interviews and podcasts on ''Why Machines Will Never Rule the World''
New book on limits of AI published, August 12, 2022.
Machines ruling the world? Impossible, say researchers
This will totally blow your mind
UB professor’s ontology work recognized in an international standard, April 29, 2022.
Press release on launch of Industrial Ontologies Foundry, February 19, 2021.
Video recording of talk by Barry Smith on "Defining Intelligence", February 17, 2021
Press-release launching the new Industrial Ontologies Foundry, February 19, 2021
NCOR-Brasil established, December 1, 2020
Using Ontology as Powerful Weapon in COVID-19 Fight, July 14, 2020
Leveraging a powerful weapon in the fight against COVID-19 — ontology, June 10, 2020
UB workshop to address human and machine capabilities, April 20, 2018
Working group seeks to extend the depth and functionality of biomedical ontologies, October 14, 2017
Barry Smith wins 2016 IAOA Ontology Competition, August 18, 2016
Doctoral Candidate Invited to Work on United Nations Project, January 4, 2016
Advantages of the Financial Report Ontology in Accounting Research, February 23, 2013
UB Ontologists Win Bioinformatics Integration Award to Support National Institutes of Health
Announcing Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Affinity Group
Information Overload in the Era of Big Data
Botanists building ontologies to cope with information overload
UB Applied Informatics Portal unveiled.
Education
Online Courses
Defining 'Ontology'
An ontology is a representation of some part of reality, (e.g. medicine, social reality, physics, etc.). Smith states that: “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality…Ontology seeks to provide a definitive and exhaustive classification of entities in all spheres of being.” To be an accurate representation of reality an ontology includes the types of entities and events in a given domain (along with their definitions) arranged in a hierarchical structure, along with relations (such as part-of, depends-on, caused-by, etc. where necessary). Ontologies enable the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain by providing a common controlled vocabulary for doctrine writers, IT Developers, and war-fighters alike, thereby allowing these disparate communities to communicate with each other. An ontology should be a shared resource between communities, and its continued collaborative development should support the integration of information and facilitate knowledge discovery. These two goals are realized by ensuring wide dissemination of the ontology, so that it will be used by many stakeholders, and its terms will be correspondingly familiar and readily used for search.
Basic Formal Ontology 2.0
Basic Formal Ontology 2020
Buffalo Toronto Ontology Alliance (BoaT)
- BFO Summit Meeting, May 23-25, 2023 Includes UB-Toronto-DHS session on government ontologies]
Why Machines Will Never Rule the World
See here
Press Items and Notices
AI is cool, but will never reach human capability, Bert Gambini, August 25, 2022
Why AI will never rule the world Interview by Luke Dormehl on Digital Trends, September 25, 2022 (Recording)
UB Lecture, September 20, 2022
L’intelligenza artificiale non dominerà il mondo, interview with Barry Smith, Il sole de 24 ore, April 27, 2024.
The Philosophome
Semantics of Biodiversity
Paper: Semantics in Support of Biodiversity Knowledge Discovery (PLoS ONE, 2013)
Video Presentations from: Semantics of Biodiversity Workshop (2012)
- Building Darwin Core top-down in BFO
- Organisms, photographs, media
- How to re-use ontologies
- Principles of singular nouns, secondary use, understandability
- Writing good definitions (DwC Examples)
- Management strategies
- Ontologies for reuse (BFO, EnvO, IDO, OBI, Plant Ontology , Uberon, IAO)
- Educational resources (OBI, Protege, BFO)
Finance and Economics
An Application of Basic Formal Ontology to the Ontology of Services and Commodities, Institute for Business Informatics, University of Koblenz, Germany July 23, 2013
Barry Smith, Reference Data Integration: A Strategy for the Future, Financial Reference Data Management Conference (FIMA), New York, March 2012
The Wernicke Ontology Principle
Wernicke is an ontology-dependent AI system used to automate recurring business processes. Wernicke is based on formal logic developed by Jobst Landgrebe and co-workers at Cognotekt. Its ontologies do not have an Aristotelian taxonomic structure, but are fully axiomatised and logically describe the syntactic structure of recurring language patterns in the Prolog-subset of first order logic. The use of terms in two or more axiomatic definitions of ontological entities creates an implicit network structure within the ontology.
Examples (in German)
1. Implication relations for verbs and verb phrases. (There are hundreds of examples of such formulae in each Wernicke ontology.)
((zahlung(Y) AND nachkommen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) ((geld(Y) AND schicken(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y1))) IMPL zahlen(Z)) ((kosten(Y) AND tragen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) ((überweisungsträger(Y) AND einwerfen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) ((bringen(Z) AND ausgleich(A) AND zum(B) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL zahlen(Z)) ((möglich(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND sein(Z) AND (verb(Z,X) OR verb(Z,X,Y))) IMPL möglichsein(Z)) ((bitten(Z) AND mod(B,A,Z) AND möglichkeit(A) AND verb(Z,X,Y)) IMPL möglichsein(Z))
2. Temporal structures
((übermorgen(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) ((morgen(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) ((heute(W) AND (Y=0)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,in,Y,tagen)) ((gestern(W) AND (Y=1)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen)) ((vorgestern(W) AND (Y=2)) IMPL zeitabstand(W,vor,Y,tagen))
3. Domain pattern formulae (ontologic entities)
past payment a: ((zahlung(X) OR geld(X)) AND rausgehen(Z) AND (I=vergangen) AND verb(Z,X) AND vergangentemp(Z)) past payment b: ((zahlung(Y) AND tätigen(Z) AND verb(Z,X,Y) AND (I=vergangen) AND vergangentemp(Z)) past payment c: ((sein(Z) AND (betrag(X) OR forderung(X)) AND zahlen(A) AND mod(A,Z) AND (I=vergangen) AND verb(Z,X) AND NOT temp_mod(Z, praet, konj2)
Information Ontology
BFO-based data and information ontologies
Military and Intelligence Ontology
JFCOM: Semantic Web and Joint Training (2010)
I2WD: Semantic Enhancement for DSGS-A: Distributed Development of a Shared Semantic Resource (2012-13)
I2WD: PED Fusion via Enterprise Ontology
Common Core Ontologies (preliminary statement)
Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering
Ontology of Planning
Ontology of Engineering
BFO-Based Engineering Ontologies
Bob Young: Towards a Reference Ontology for Manufacturing (2016)
Interoperable Manufacturing Knowledge Systems (2017)
Ontology for Navy Systems Engineering
Materials Ontology
Ontology for Clinical and Translational Science
Clinical and Translational Science Ontology Group
Microbiome Ontology
Ontology
What Biofilms Can Teach Us about Individuality
Designing an Ontology Tool for the Unification of Biofilms Data
Eearth Microbiome Project Ontlogy EMPO
The Human Microbiome
Functional and phylogenetic assembly of microbial communities in the human microbiome
The human microbiome, including as appendix: A microbiome glossary
Parts and Wholes: The Human Microbiome, Ecological Ontology, and the Challenges of Community
Microbiomes and the external environment
A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity
MetaSUB: Metagenomics and Metadesign of Subways & Urban Biome
Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant
Varia
Collective bio-molecular processes: The hidden ontology of systems biology
A review of methods and databases for metagenomic classification and assembly
Suggested Reading
Coordinated Evolution of Biomedical Ontologies
Avoiding Perspective-Relative Silos
Training Videos
Ontology for Intelligence, Defense and Security
A Repeatable Process for Ontology Development
Avoiding Semantic Stovepipes: Five Ontological Principles for Interoperability
